Post by farmgal on Oct 27, 2012 23:18:40 GMT -5
October 28 is the 302nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
There are 64 days remaining until the end of the year.
Days left until November 06, 2012 10
Countdown until Obama leaves Office
www.obamaclock.org/
U.S. Debt Clock: www.usdebtclock.org/
312 Roman emperor Constantine, 32, defeated the army of Maxentius, a contender to the throne, at Milvian Bridge, after trusting in a vision he had seen of the cross, inscribed with the words, "In this sign conquer." Constantine was converted soon after and became the first Roman emperor to embrace the Christian faith.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
1492 Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba. On Oct. 27, Cuba was sighted and the Spaniards spent five weeks (Oct.28-Nov.5, 1492) along its northeast coast. Columbus' first Cuban landing was at Bahia Bariay, near a fishing camp: "The Admiral jumped into the boat and went to shore, and he came to two houses, which he believed to be those of fishermen who fled from terror.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
1538 The first university in the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is established. Originally a seminary operated by Catholic monks of the Dominican Order, the institution was reorganized as a university by a papal bull (In Apostulatus Culmine dated 28 October 1538 by Pope Paul III); however, it was not officially recognized by Royal Decree until 1558. It was then called Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino (University of Saint Thomas Aquinas). Location: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino
1636 A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes the first college in what would become the United States, today known as Harvard University.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court
1646 At Nonantum, Mass., colonial missionary John Eliot ("Apostle to the New England Indians"), 42, conducted the first Protestant worship service for the Indians of North America. He also delivered the first sermon preached to the Indians in their native tongue.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)
1775 American Revolutionary War: A British proclamation forbids residents from leaving Boston.
1776 American Revolutionary War: Battle of White Plains -British Army forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains
A 19th-century cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, Connecticut.
1793 Eli Whitney applied for a patent for his cotton gin, which was granted the following March. Southern planters of the time desperately needed to make cotton-growing profitable, especially since tobacco-growing was in decline due to over-supply and soil exhaustion. Long-staple cotton, which was easy to separate from its seeds, could be grown only along the coast. The one variety that grew inland had sticky green seeds that were time-consuming to pick out of the fluffy white cotton bolls. Whitney solved this problem, and reinvigorated cotton planting throughout the South. The original patent was destroyed in the 1836 Patent Office fire.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Whitney
1799 According to surviving lists of patent titles, Moses McFarland, of Massachusetts, received a patent titled a "Federal Balloon." Some sources incorrectly call this the first U.S. patent of an aeronautical design. The Patent Office fire in 1836 destroyed all full records, but the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society of 1799 include a letter from Timothy Pickering about the "absurdity of name for Major McFarland's exercising machine," which says "I wish Major McFarland has hit on a proper name for his machine; it has no relation to a 'balloon' and his motive for calling it 'federal' is rather fanciful than solid... but if it is substantially useful in promoting health, I should... call it McFarland's Exercising Machine..."
A drawing of the action on the 27th, by Alfred Waud.
1864 American Civil War: The Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road (also known as the Second Battle of Fair Oaks) ends – Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around Richmond, Virginia.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks_%26_Darbytown_Road
1886 The monument of Liberty Enlightening the World, popularly called the Statue of Liberty, was unveiled in New York Harbor. It was dedicated by confetti (the first ticker tape parade) in the New York Harbor by President Cleveland in the presence of its sculptor, Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. It was a gift from the people of France to commemorate the 100th anniversary of American independence. In 1876, a preview of the statue, the right hand and torch, was exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pa. The statue was assembled on Liberty Island (formerly Bedloe Island), 151-ft tall on a 155-ft high granite pedestal. Its copper skin is supported by a massive internal iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty
1904 St Louis police try a new investigation method-fingerprints . The use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis World's Fair Exposition guarding the British Display. Sometime after the St. Louis World's Fair, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) created America's first national fingerprint repository, called the National Bureau of Criminal Identification.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint
1918 World War I: Czechoslovakia is granted independence from Austria-Hungary marking the beginning of independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia#Foundation
1919 Volstead Act passed by Congress, start prohibition over Wilson's veto. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act providing for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified nine months earlier. Known as the Prohibition Amendment, it prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" in the United States.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volstead_Act
1922 First coast-to-coast radio broadcast of a football game WEAF in New York
1927 Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) flew the first international flight. Pan American World Airways began life in 1927 with a vision, some single engine aircraft and a single route from Key West to Havana. From this beginning came the airline that would literally open the world to aviation. Pan Am launched more new aircraft development than any other airline in history. It pioneered routes across the world's oceans and continents, eventually operating daily flights circling the globe. On October 19, 1927, Pan Am flew its first flight by delivering mail from Key West, Florida, to Havana. Regularly scheduled service began nine days later.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways#Formation
Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash.
1929 Black Monday, a day in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which also saw major stock market upheaval.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929
1936 The temperature at Layton, NJ, dipped to 9 above zero to establish a state record for the month of October. (The Weather Channel)
1936 FDR rededicates Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary. Speaking at the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the unveiling of the Statue of Liberty in 1936, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said: "Millions of men and women . . . adopted this homeland because in this land they found a home in which the things they most desired could be theirs--freedom of opportunity, freedom of thought, freedom to worship God..."
www.history.com/speeches/statue-of-libertys-50th-anniversary#statue-of-libertys-50th-anniversary
1940 World War II: Greece rejects Italy's ultimatum. Italy invades Greece through Albania, marking Greece's entry into World War II.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II
1942 The Alaska Highway (Alcan Highway) is completed through Canada to Fairbanks, Alaska.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcan_Highway
1946 A five-man commission of civilians was appointed by President Harry S. Truman. The Atomic Energy Commission was established by the U.S. Atomic Energy Act approved 1 Aug 1946 to develop and utilize atomic energy toward improving the public welfare, increasing the standard of living, strengthening free competition in private enterprise, and promoting world peace. The first meeting took place on 13 Nov 1946, although the official confirmation by the Senate occurred later, on 9 Apr 1947. The chairman was David Eli Lilienthal.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission
1946 German rocket engineers begin work in USSR. In October 1946, the best German engineers who worked for the Soviet missile program were ordered on the trains and sent to the various locations in the USSR to assist in the organization of missile production and design. By the beginning of the 1947, Soviets completed the transfer of all works on rocket technology from Germany into secret locations in the USSR.
1949 Helen Anderson became the first woman ambassador, appointed by President Harry Truman to be Ambassador to Denmark
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Anderson
1949 American missionary martyr Jim Elliot, 22, inscribed in his journal perhaps the most oft-quoted of all his sayings: 'He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose.'
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Elliot
1950 "All My Love" by Patti Page topped the charts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Love_(Bolero)
1950 Jack Benny debuts on CBS-TV . Jack Benny took his well-known radio show [on radio for 20 years] to television without missing a beat. Jack Benny made his television debut after a long career in vaudeville, radio and film. During his radio series on NBC & CBS, that ran from 1932-1955, he cultivated the traits that his television character would have as well--Jack's character was a vain, stingy character who always claimed to be age 39. The show featured Eddie "Rochester" Anderson as Rochester Van Jones (valet), Dennis Day, Mel Blanc, Artie Auerbach and Frank Nelson. Don Wilson was the announcer.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Benny_Show
1955 Lubbock, TX native opens for Marty Robbins and Elvis Presley. A local kid from Lubbock, TX opened a concert for Marty Robbins and Elvis Presley. In the audience was a youngster by the name of Scott Davis. He would later become a superstar. We know him as Mac Davis. And the kid who opened the concert? Buddy Holly.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly
1958 John XXIII, is elected as Pope.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_XXIII
1959 Buffalo Bills enter the AFL
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills
1961 "Runaround Sue" by Dion topped the charts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaround_Sue
1961 Brian Epstein becomes intrigued by The Silver Beatles' "My Bonnie".
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Bonnie_Lies_over_the_Ocean
1962 Khrushchev orders withdrawal of missiles from Cuba, ending crisis. The crisis began on October 16, 1962 when U.S. reconnaissance data revealing Soviet nuclear missile installations on the island were shown to U.S. President John F. Kennedy and ended twelve days later on October 28, 1962, when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the installations would be dismantled. The Cuban Missile Crisis is often regarded as the moment when the Cold War came closest to escalating into a nuclear war.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_missile_crisis
1963 New York DJ "Murray the K" played "She Loves You" by the Beatles. "She Loves You" popularized the phrase "yeah, yeah, yeah." Paul McCartney's dad wanted them to sing "yes, yes, yes" instead because he thought it sounded more dignified. It was an instant hit in the England, but not in America, where it was released on Swan records, the only US label that would take it. Swan put it out in September 1963, but while The Beatles were huge in England, they were still no big deal in America until February 1964. That's when Beatlemania took hold and this became a US hit. This is believed to be the first time a Beatle song was played in the U.S.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Loves_You
1964 Vietnam War: U.S. officials deny any involvement in bombing North Vietnam.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder
1965 Nostra Aetate, the "Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions" of the Second Vatican Council, is promulgated by Pope Paul VI; it absolves the Jews of responsibility for the death of Jesus, reversing Innocent III's 760 year-old declaration.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostra_Aetate
1965 The Gateway Arch (630' (190m) high) was completed in St. Louis, Missouri. This graceful sweeping tapered curve of stainless steel is the tallest memorial in the U.S. The architect of the catenary curve arch was Eero Saarinen who won the design competition in 1947. It was constructed 1961-66 in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Park, established on the banks of the Mississippi River, on 21 Dec 1935, to commemorate the westward growth of the United States between 1803 and 1890. Cost for the $30 million national monument was shared by the federal government and the City of St. Louis. The memorial arch has an observation room at the top for visitors reached by trams running inside the legs of the arch.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch
1967 "To Sir with Love" by Lulu topped the charts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Sir_With_Love_(song)
1971 A severe early season blizzard raged across the Plateau Region and Rocky Mountain Region. Heavy snow blocked railroads and interstate highways, and record cold accompanied the storm. Lander WY received 27 inches of snow, and the temperature at Big Piney WY plunged to 15 degrees below zero. (David Ludlum)
1973 Elmore Smith of the Lakers blocks 17 shots in a game (NBA record)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Smith
1974 First time 2 Islanders hat trick in same game-MacMillian & Westfall
1975 Calvin Murphy (Houston) begins NBA free throw streak of 58 games.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Murphy
1986 The centenary of the dedication of the Statue of Liberty is celebrated in New York Harbor.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Weekend
1987 Thunderstorms over the San Joaquin Valley of California produced three-quarters of an inch of rain in thirty minutes at Placerville, and caused numerous power outages due to lightning. Rain began to diminish in the northeastern U.S., but some flooding continued in Vermont, eastern New York and northern New Jersey. One inch rains in Vermont clogged culverts and sewers with fallen leaves, resulting in erosion of dirt roads. (Storm Data) (The National Weather Summary)
1988 Arctic cold invaded the north central U.S. Valentine, NE, dipped to 8 degrees, and Cutbank, MT, reported a morning low of one degree above zero. The temperature at Estes Park CO dipped to 15 degrees, but then soared thirty degrees in less than thirty minutes. (The National Weather Summary)
1989 Oakland A's sweep SF Giants in earthquake/BART series. The A's take an 8-0 and beat the Giants 9-6 to complete a 4-game sweep of the World Series, the first World Series sweep since 1976. Oakland's Dave Stewart, who won two games, is named MVP.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_World_Series
1989 A storm crossing the western U.S. produced 10 to 20 inches of snow across northern and central Wyoming, with 22 inches reported at Burgess Junction. Seven cities in the Lower Ohio Valley and the Upper Great Lakes Region reported record high temperatures for the date as readings again warmed into the 70s. Alpena MI reported a record high of 75 degrees. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data)
1998 President Bill Clinton signs the Digital Millennium Copyright Act into law. According to an ABC news report, it was none other than the pop icon Prince himself who happened upon a 29-second home video of a toddler cavorting to a barely audible background soundtrack of his 1984 hit "Let's Go Crazy" and subsequently instigated a high-profile legal showdown involving YouTube, the Universal Music Group and a Pennsylvania housewife named Stephanie Lenz. Like the lawsuits that eventually shut down Napster, the case involved a piece of federal legislation that has helped establish a legal minefield surrounding the use of digital music in the age of the Internet. That legislation, called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on this day in 1998.
The DMCA bill was heavily supported by the content industries—Hollywood, the music business and book publishers—during its legislative journey through the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. The DMCA was written in order to strengthen existing federal copyright protections against new threats posed by the Internet and by the democratization of high technology. But included in the legislation as it was eventually enacted was a "safe harbor" provision granting companies operating platforms for user-contributed content protection from liability for acts of copyright infringement by those users. It was this provision that the operators of file-sharing platforms like Grokster and Napster tried to hide behind during their unsuccessful attempts to defend themselves against DMCA-inspired litigation in the early 2000s.
The DMCA explicitly authorized copyright holders to issue "takedown" notices to individuals or companies believed to be engaging in infringing use of a copyrighted work. The allegation of infringing use in the case of the "Let's Go Crazy" toddler came from Universal Music Group acting in its capacity as Prince's music publisher in June 2007, and YouTube responded by immediately removing the offending video along with roughly 200 others also deemed by Universal to be in violation of the law. Stephanie Lenz appealed YouTube's takedown of her home video on the basis that the barely audible Prince clip conformed with the long-established doctrine of Fair Use. The video was restored when Universal failed to file a formal infringement lawsuit against Lenz within two weeks, but the legal thicket created by the DMCA has yet to be fully resolved by the courts or by Congress.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
2005 Plame affair: Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Vice-president Dick Cheney's chief of staff, is indicted in the Valerie Plame case. Libby resigns later that day.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%22Scooter%22_Libby
2009 NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its later-cancelled Constellation program.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I-X
Births
1793 Eliphalet Remington, American firearms manufacturer (d. 1861)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphalet_Remington
1820 John H. Hopkins, leader in the development of Episcopal church hymnody during the mid-19th century. Today, he is better remembered as the author and composer of the Christmas hymn, "We Three Kings of Orient Are."
www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/h/o/p/hopkins_jh.htm
1842 Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (d 1932) American orator and lecturer. An advocate for the abolition of slavery and for women's suffrage, as well as a gifted teacher, Dickinson was the first woman to speak before the United States Congress. A gifted speaker at a very young age, she aided the Republican Party in the hard-fought 1863 elections and significantly influenced the distribution of political power in the Union just prior to the Civil War. Dickinson also was the first white woman on record to climb Colorado’s Longs Peak, in 1873.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Elizabeth_Dickinson
1850 Clarence Larkin, Bible teacher. Converted at nineteen, his life became an example of trusting the Lord for the future. He graduated from college as a Mechanical Engineer. After becoming an ordained Baptist minister, he pastored at Kennet Square, Pennsylvania. During World War I, his study of the scriptures led him to adopt a pre-millennial view of prophecy. (Some post-millennialists thought man would usher in the Millennium--the thousand year reign of Christ--through human progress) Larkin used his drafting skills (there was the purpose of his engineering training) to lay out an illustrated book called Dispensational Truth, or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages which became highly influential. He also wrote and illustrated other Bible study books.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Larkin
1864 Adolfo Camarillo, (d 1958) prominent land owner, horse breeder, rancher, and philanthropist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Ventura County area of California, U.S.A. Adolfo, along with his brother Juan, Jr., owned much of what would later become the town known by their family name, Camarillo. Adolfo also donated the land for Adolfo Camarillo High School. The horse breed Camarillo White Horse was named for Camarillo. He began breeding them in 1921 and the line continues today. In addition because of Adolfo’s philanthropy in 1950, Pope Pius XII named Adolfo a Knight of St. Gregory the Great.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Camarillo
1869 Horace Tracy Pitkin in Philadelphia. Well to do, he inherited also good sense and love for God from his parents. As a young man he defined himself by Christ. He felt convinced he should go as a missionary to China. Three years after his arrival in China with his wife, on March 7, 1897, the Boxer uprising began. He could have saved himself by fleeing, but preferred to risk his life rather than abandon the Chinese Christians. When it was too late to escape, he told one of his helpers, "You hurry and hide away in the country; we cannot escape-- if God wills us to go to Him it is well." He was beheaded July 1, 1900.
www.yalestandard.com/biographies/horace-tracy-pitkin/
1875 Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, American geographer and editor of National Geographic magazine (d. 1966)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor
1897 Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Head
1914 Dr. Jonas Edward Salk (d 1995) American Jewish physician and medical researcher, born in New York City, who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for poliomyelitis. His early work (1946) was research on the influenza virus. In 1963, he became director of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies at the Univ. of California, San Diego. He developed a vaccine against poliomyelitis by cultivating three strains of the virus separately in monkey tissue. The virus was separated from the tissue, stored for a week, killed with formaldehyde, then tested to make certain that it is dead. A series of three or four injections with the killed virus vaccine was required to confer immunity.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk
1917 Jack Soo (d 1979) was a Japanese American actor. He is best known for his role as Detective Nick Yemana on the television sitcom Barney Miller.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Soo
1926 Bowie Kuhn, American Commissioner of Baseball (d. 2007)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_Kuhn
1936 Charlie Daniels, American musician
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Daniels
1955 Bill Gates, American software executive
1967 Julia Roberts, American actress
1974 Joaquin Phoenix, American actor
Deaths
1800 Artemas Ward, American politician and soldier (b. 1727)
1818 Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
1899 Ottmar Mergenthaler (b 1854) German-American inventor of the Linotype typesetting machine (1886), regarded as the greatest advance in printing since the development of moveable type 400 years earlier. He moved to the U.S. in 1872. At the age of 32, he designed and built his first linotype machine. With it, the two operations of setting and casting type in lead lines were performed simply by touching the keys of a board similar to the keyboard of a typewriter. His machine enabled one operator to be machinist, type-setter, justifier and typefounder. His machine was first used in 1886 by the New York Tribune, followed by many great improvements on its design. He died at the early age of 45.
1916 Cleveland Abbe (b 1838) U.S. astronomer and first meteorologist, born in New York City, the "father of the U.S. Weather Bureau," which was later renamed the National Weather Service. Abbe inaugurated a private weather reporting and warning service at Cincinnati. His weather reports or bulletins began to be issued on Sept. 1, 1869. The Weather Service of the United States was authorized by Congress on 9 Feb 1870, and placed under the direction of the Signal Service. Abbe was the only person in the country who was already experienced in drawing weather maps from telegraphic reports and forecasting from them. Naturally, he was offered an important position in this new service which he accepted, beginning 3 Jan 1871, and was often the official forecaster of the weather.
1988 John Backus (b 1924) American computer scientist who invented the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) programming language in the mid 1950s. He had previously developed an assembly language for IBM's 701 computer when he suggested the development of a compiler and higher level language for the IBM 704. As the first high-level computer programming language, FORTRAN was able to convert standard mathematical formulas and expressions into the binary code used by computers. Thus a non-specialist could write a program in familiar words and symbols, and different computers could use programs generated in the same language. This paved the way for other computer languages such as COBOL, ALGOL and BASIC.
1996 Morey Amsterdam (b 1908) American television actor and comedian, best known for the role of Buddy Sorrell on The Dick Van d**e Show in the early 1960s.
1997 Marian Koshland (b 1921) American immunologist who discovered that the differences in amino acid composition of antibodies explains the efficiency and effectiveness with which they combat a huge range of foreign invaders. During WWII, her post-graduate studies included assisting with projects developing an Asiatic cholera vaccine, and combatting transmission of airborne pathogens in army barracks. In 1970 she became a professor of Microbiology and Immunology, after which she discovered the J chain (a B cell antibody subunit). In 1991, with colleagues, she identified a specialized intracellular pathway that transports antibodies into blood circulation, allowing for the multiplication of B cells essential in fighting infection.
2003 Marie Maynard Daly (b 1921) American biochemist who was the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Chemistry (1947). Her postdoctoral research at the Rockefeller Institute included studying the composition and metabolism of components of cell nuclei, determining the base composition of deoxypentose nucleic acids, and calculating the rate of uptake of labeled glycine by components of cell nuclei. Seven years later, she took a university position. She taught biochemistry and researched the metabolism of the arterial wall and its relationship to aging, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Later, she studied the uptake, synthesis, and distribution of creatine in cell cultures and tissues. She retired in 1986.
2005 Richard Errett Smalley (b 1943) American chemist and physicist, known as the father of nanotechnology, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Robert F. Curl, Jr., and Sir Harold W. Kroto for their joint 1985 discovery of carbon60 (C60, or buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball) and the fullerenes.
2006 Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and executive (b. 1917)
Christian Feast Day:
Abdias of Babylon
Abgar V of Edessa (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Eadsige
Fidelis of Como (Roman Catholic Church)
Faro
Godwin of Stavelot
Job of Pochayiv (repose) (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Jude the Apostle (Western Christianity)
Lord of Miracles (Lima)
Simon the Zealot (Western Christianity)
October 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Arsenius of Srem, Archbishop of Serbia
Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople
Dorbheneus, Abbot of Iona
Eadsin, Archbishop of Canterbury, England, Who Crowned King Edward the Confessor
Great-martyr Paraskeva of Iconium
Martyrs Terence and Neonilla and their children
New-Martyrs Angelis, Manuel, George and Nicholas of Crete
Venerable Job of Pochayiv
Venerable Stephen of Mar Sabbas monastery in Palestine
www.todayinsci.com/10/10_28.htm
daysuntil.com/Election-Day/index.html
www.weatherforyou.com/cgi-bin/weather_history/today2S.pl
www.amug.org/~jpaul/oct28.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28
www.scopesys.com/cgi-bin/today2.cgi
www.christianhistorytimeline.com/lives_events/birthday/index.php
www.history.com/this-day-in-history
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)
www.hymntime.com/tch/index.htm
There are 64 days remaining until the end of the year.
Days left until November 06, 2012 10
Countdown until Obama leaves Office
www.obamaclock.org/
U.S. Debt Clock: www.usdebtclock.org/
312 Roman emperor Constantine, 32, defeated the army of Maxentius, a contender to the throne, at Milvian Bridge, after trusting in a vision he had seen of the cross, inscribed with the words, "In this sign conquer." Constantine was converted soon after and became the first Roman emperor to embrace the Christian faith.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
1492 Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba. On Oct. 27, Cuba was sighted and the Spaniards spent five weeks (Oct.28-Nov.5, 1492) along its northeast coast. Columbus' first Cuban landing was at Bahia Bariay, near a fishing camp: "The Admiral jumped into the boat and went to shore, and he came to two houses, which he believed to be those of fishermen who fled from terror.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
1538 The first university in the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is established. Originally a seminary operated by Catholic monks of the Dominican Order, the institution was reorganized as a university by a papal bull (In Apostulatus Culmine dated 28 October 1538 by Pope Paul III); however, it was not officially recognized by Royal Decree until 1558. It was then called Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino (University of Saint Thomas Aquinas). Location: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino
1636 A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes the first college in what would become the United States, today known as Harvard University.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court
1646 At Nonantum, Mass., colonial missionary John Eliot ("Apostle to the New England Indians"), 42, conducted the first Protestant worship service for the Indians of North America. He also delivered the first sermon preached to the Indians in their native tongue.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)
1775 American Revolutionary War: A British proclamation forbids residents from leaving Boston.
1776 American Revolutionary War: Battle of White Plains -British Army forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains
A 19th-century cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, Connecticut.
1793 Eli Whitney applied for a patent for his cotton gin, which was granted the following March. Southern planters of the time desperately needed to make cotton-growing profitable, especially since tobacco-growing was in decline due to over-supply and soil exhaustion. Long-staple cotton, which was easy to separate from its seeds, could be grown only along the coast. The one variety that grew inland had sticky green seeds that were time-consuming to pick out of the fluffy white cotton bolls. Whitney solved this problem, and reinvigorated cotton planting throughout the South. The original patent was destroyed in the 1836 Patent Office fire.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Whitney
1799 According to surviving lists of patent titles, Moses McFarland, of Massachusetts, received a patent titled a "Federal Balloon." Some sources incorrectly call this the first U.S. patent of an aeronautical design. The Patent Office fire in 1836 destroyed all full records, but the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society of 1799 include a letter from Timothy Pickering about the "absurdity of name for Major McFarland's exercising machine," which says "I wish Major McFarland has hit on a proper name for his machine; it has no relation to a 'balloon' and his motive for calling it 'federal' is rather fanciful than solid... but if it is substantially useful in promoting health, I should... call it McFarland's Exercising Machine..."
A drawing of the action on the 27th, by Alfred Waud.
1864 American Civil War: The Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road (also known as the Second Battle of Fair Oaks) ends – Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around Richmond, Virginia.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks_%26_Darbytown_Road
1886 The monument of Liberty Enlightening the World, popularly called the Statue of Liberty, was unveiled in New York Harbor. It was dedicated by confetti (the first ticker tape parade) in the New York Harbor by President Cleveland in the presence of its sculptor, Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. It was a gift from the people of France to commemorate the 100th anniversary of American independence. In 1876, a preview of the statue, the right hand and torch, was exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pa. The statue was assembled on Liberty Island (formerly Bedloe Island), 151-ft tall on a 155-ft high granite pedestal. Its copper skin is supported by a massive internal iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty
1904 St Louis police try a new investigation method-fingerprints . The use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis World's Fair Exposition guarding the British Display. Sometime after the St. Louis World's Fair, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) created America's first national fingerprint repository, called the National Bureau of Criminal Identification.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint
1918 World War I: Czechoslovakia is granted independence from Austria-Hungary marking the beginning of independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia#Foundation
1919 Volstead Act passed by Congress, start prohibition over Wilson's veto. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act providing for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified nine months earlier. Known as the Prohibition Amendment, it prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" in the United States.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volstead_Act
1922 First coast-to-coast radio broadcast of a football game WEAF in New York
1927 Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) flew the first international flight. Pan American World Airways began life in 1927 with a vision, some single engine aircraft and a single route from Key West to Havana. From this beginning came the airline that would literally open the world to aviation. Pan Am launched more new aircraft development than any other airline in history. It pioneered routes across the world's oceans and continents, eventually operating daily flights circling the globe. On October 19, 1927, Pan Am flew its first flight by delivering mail from Key West, Florida, to Havana. Regularly scheduled service began nine days later.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways#Formation
Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash.
1929 Black Monday, a day in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which also saw major stock market upheaval.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929
1936 The temperature at Layton, NJ, dipped to 9 above zero to establish a state record for the month of October. (The Weather Channel)
1936 FDR rededicates Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary. Speaking at the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the unveiling of the Statue of Liberty in 1936, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said: "Millions of men and women . . . adopted this homeland because in this land they found a home in which the things they most desired could be theirs--freedom of opportunity, freedom of thought, freedom to worship God..."
www.history.com/speeches/statue-of-libertys-50th-anniversary#statue-of-libertys-50th-anniversary
1940 World War II: Greece rejects Italy's ultimatum. Italy invades Greece through Albania, marking Greece's entry into World War II.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II
1942 The Alaska Highway (Alcan Highway) is completed through Canada to Fairbanks, Alaska.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcan_Highway
1946 A five-man commission of civilians was appointed by President Harry S. Truman. The Atomic Energy Commission was established by the U.S. Atomic Energy Act approved 1 Aug 1946 to develop and utilize atomic energy toward improving the public welfare, increasing the standard of living, strengthening free competition in private enterprise, and promoting world peace. The first meeting took place on 13 Nov 1946, although the official confirmation by the Senate occurred later, on 9 Apr 1947. The chairman was David Eli Lilienthal.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission
1946 German rocket engineers begin work in USSR. In October 1946, the best German engineers who worked for the Soviet missile program were ordered on the trains and sent to the various locations in the USSR to assist in the organization of missile production and design. By the beginning of the 1947, Soviets completed the transfer of all works on rocket technology from Germany into secret locations in the USSR.
1949 Helen Anderson became the first woman ambassador, appointed by President Harry Truman to be Ambassador to Denmark
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Anderson
1949 American missionary martyr Jim Elliot, 22, inscribed in his journal perhaps the most oft-quoted of all his sayings: 'He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose.'
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Elliot
1950 "All My Love" by Patti Page topped the charts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Love_(Bolero)
1950 Jack Benny debuts on CBS-TV . Jack Benny took his well-known radio show [on radio for 20 years] to television without missing a beat. Jack Benny made his television debut after a long career in vaudeville, radio and film. During his radio series on NBC & CBS, that ran from 1932-1955, he cultivated the traits that his television character would have as well--Jack's character was a vain, stingy character who always claimed to be age 39. The show featured Eddie "Rochester" Anderson as Rochester Van Jones (valet), Dennis Day, Mel Blanc, Artie Auerbach and Frank Nelson. Don Wilson was the announcer.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Benny_Show
1955 Lubbock, TX native opens for Marty Robbins and Elvis Presley. A local kid from Lubbock, TX opened a concert for Marty Robbins and Elvis Presley. In the audience was a youngster by the name of Scott Davis. He would later become a superstar. We know him as Mac Davis. And the kid who opened the concert? Buddy Holly.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly
1958 John XXIII, is elected as Pope.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_XXIII
1959 Buffalo Bills enter the AFL
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills
1961 "Runaround Sue" by Dion topped the charts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaround_Sue
1961 Brian Epstein becomes intrigued by The Silver Beatles' "My Bonnie".
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Bonnie_Lies_over_the_Ocean
1962 Khrushchev orders withdrawal of missiles from Cuba, ending crisis. The crisis began on October 16, 1962 when U.S. reconnaissance data revealing Soviet nuclear missile installations on the island were shown to U.S. President John F. Kennedy and ended twelve days later on October 28, 1962, when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the installations would be dismantled. The Cuban Missile Crisis is often regarded as the moment when the Cold War came closest to escalating into a nuclear war.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_missile_crisis
1963 New York DJ "Murray the K" played "She Loves You" by the Beatles. "She Loves You" popularized the phrase "yeah, yeah, yeah." Paul McCartney's dad wanted them to sing "yes, yes, yes" instead because he thought it sounded more dignified. It was an instant hit in the England, but not in America, where it was released on Swan records, the only US label that would take it. Swan put it out in September 1963, but while The Beatles were huge in England, they were still no big deal in America until February 1964. That's when Beatlemania took hold and this became a US hit. This is believed to be the first time a Beatle song was played in the U.S.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Loves_You
1964 Vietnam War: U.S. officials deny any involvement in bombing North Vietnam.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder
1965 Nostra Aetate, the "Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions" of the Second Vatican Council, is promulgated by Pope Paul VI; it absolves the Jews of responsibility for the death of Jesus, reversing Innocent III's 760 year-old declaration.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostra_Aetate
1965 The Gateway Arch (630' (190m) high) was completed in St. Louis, Missouri. This graceful sweeping tapered curve of stainless steel is the tallest memorial in the U.S. The architect of the catenary curve arch was Eero Saarinen who won the design competition in 1947. It was constructed 1961-66 in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Park, established on the banks of the Mississippi River, on 21 Dec 1935, to commemorate the westward growth of the United States between 1803 and 1890. Cost for the $30 million national monument was shared by the federal government and the City of St. Louis. The memorial arch has an observation room at the top for visitors reached by trams running inside the legs of the arch.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch
1967 "To Sir with Love" by Lulu topped the charts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Sir_With_Love_(song)
1971 A severe early season blizzard raged across the Plateau Region and Rocky Mountain Region. Heavy snow blocked railroads and interstate highways, and record cold accompanied the storm. Lander WY received 27 inches of snow, and the temperature at Big Piney WY plunged to 15 degrees below zero. (David Ludlum)
1973 Elmore Smith of the Lakers blocks 17 shots in a game (NBA record)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Smith
1974 First time 2 Islanders hat trick in same game-MacMillian & Westfall
1975 Calvin Murphy (Houston) begins NBA free throw streak of 58 games.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Murphy
1986 The centenary of the dedication of the Statue of Liberty is celebrated in New York Harbor.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Weekend
1987 Thunderstorms over the San Joaquin Valley of California produced three-quarters of an inch of rain in thirty minutes at Placerville, and caused numerous power outages due to lightning. Rain began to diminish in the northeastern U.S., but some flooding continued in Vermont, eastern New York and northern New Jersey. One inch rains in Vermont clogged culverts and sewers with fallen leaves, resulting in erosion of dirt roads. (Storm Data) (The National Weather Summary)
1988 Arctic cold invaded the north central U.S. Valentine, NE, dipped to 8 degrees, and Cutbank, MT, reported a morning low of one degree above zero. The temperature at Estes Park CO dipped to 15 degrees, but then soared thirty degrees in less than thirty minutes. (The National Weather Summary)
1989 Oakland A's sweep SF Giants in earthquake/BART series. The A's take an 8-0 and beat the Giants 9-6 to complete a 4-game sweep of the World Series, the first World Series sweep since 1976. Oakland's Dave Stewart, who won two games, is named MVP.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_World_Series
1989 A storm crossing the western U.S. produced 10 to 20 inches of snow across northern and central Wyoming, with 22 inches reported at Burgess Junction. Seven cities in the Lower Ohio Valley and the Upper Great Lakes Region reported record high temperatures for the date as readings again warmed into the 70s. Alpena MI reported a record high of 75 degrees. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data)
1998 President Bill Clinton signs the Digital Millennium Copyright Act into law. According to an ABC news report, it was none other than the pop icon Prince himself who happened upon a 29-second home video of a toddler cavorting to a barely audible background soundtrack of his 1984 hit "Let's Go Crazy" and subsequently instigated a high-profile legal showdown involving YouTube, the Universal Music Group and a Pennsylvania housewife named Stephanie Lenz. Like the lawsuits that eventually shut down Napster, the case involved a piece of federal legislation that has helped establish a legal minefield surrounding the use of digital music in the age of the Internet. That legislation, called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on this day in 1998.
The DMCA bill was heavily supported by the content industries—Hollywood, the music business and book publishers—during its legislative journey through the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. The DMCA was written in order to strengthen existing federal copyright protections against new threats posed by the Internet and by the democratization of high technology. But included in the legislation as it was eventually enacted was a "safe harbor" provision granting companies operating platforms for user-contributed content protection from liability for acts of copyright infringement by those users. It was this provision that the operators of file-sharing platforms like Grokster and Napster tried to hide behind during their unsuccessful attempts to defend themselves against DMCA-inspired litigation in the early 2000s.
The DMCA explicitly authorized copyright holders to issue "takedown" notices to individuals or companies believed to be engaging in infringing use of a copyrighted work. The allegation of infringing use in the case of the "Let's Go Crazy" toddler came from Universal Music Group acting in its capacity as Prince's music publisher in June 2007, and YouTube responded by immediately removing the offending video along with roughly 200 others also deemed by Universal to be in violation of the law. Stephanie Lenz appealed YouTube's takedown of her home video on the basis that the barely audible Prince clip conformed with the long-established doctrine of Fair Use. The video was restored when Universal failed to file a formal infringement lawsuit against Lenz within two weeks, but the legal thicket created by the DMCA has yet to be fully resolved by the courts or by Congress.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
2005 Plame affair: Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Vice-president Dick Cheney's chief of staff, is indicted in the Valerie Plame case. Libby resigns later that day.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%22Scooter%22_Libby
2009 NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its later-cancelled Constellation program.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I-X
Births
1793 Eliphalet Remington, American firearms manufacturer (d. 1861)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphalet_Remington
1820 John H. Hopkins, leader in the development of Episcopal church hymnody during the mid-19th century. Today, he is better remembered as the author and composer of the Christmas hymn, "We Three Kings of Orient Are."
www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/h/o/p/hopkins_jh.htm
1842 Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (d 1932) American orator and lecturer. An advocate for the abolition of slavery and for women's suffrage, as well as a gifted teacher, Dickinson was the first woman to speak before the United States Congress. A gifted speaker at a very young age, she aided the Republican Party in the hard-fought 1863 elections and significantly influenced the distribution of political power in the Union just prior to the Civil War. Dickinson also was the first white woman on record to climb Colorado’s Longs Peak, in 1873.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Elizabeth_Dickinson
1850 Clarence Larkin, Bible teacher. Converted at nineteen, his life became an example of trusting the Lord for the future. He graduated from college as a Mechanical Engineer. After becoming an ordained Baptist minister, he pastored at Kennet Square, Pennsylvania. During World War I, his study of the scriptures led him to adopt a pre-millennial view of prophecy. (Some post-millennialists thought man would usher in the Millennium--the thousand year reign of Christ--through human progress) Larkin used his drafting skills (there was the purpose of his engineering training) to lay out an illustrated book called Dispensational Truth, or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages which became highly influential. He also wrote and illustrated other Bible study books.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Larkin
1864 Adolfo Camarillo, (d 1958) prominent land owner, horse breeder, rancher, and philanthropist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Ventura County area of California, U.S.A. Adolfo, along with his brother Juan, Jr., owned much of what would later become the town known by their family name, Camarillo. Adolfo also donated the land for Adolfo Camarillo High School. The horse breed Camarillo White Horse was named for Camarillo. He began breeding them in 1921 and the line continues today. In addition because of Adolfo’s philanthropy in 1950, Pope Pius XII named Adolfo a Knight of St. Gregory the Great.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Camarillo
1869 Horace Tracy Pitkin in Philadelphia. Well to do, he inherited also good sense and love for God from his parents. As a young man he defined himself by Christ. He felt convinced he should go as a missionary to China. Three years after his arrival in China with his wife, on March 7, 1897, the Boxer uprising began. He could have saved himself by fleeing, but preferred to risk his life rather than abandon the Chinese Christians. When it was too late to escape, he told one of his helpers, "You hurry and hide away in the country; we cannot escape-- if God wills us to go to Him it is well." He was beheaded July 1, 1900.
www.yalestandard.com/biographies/horace-tracy-pitkin/
1875 Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, American geographer and editor of National Geographic magazine (d. 1966)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor
1897 Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Head
1914 Dr. Jonas Edward Salk (d 1995) American Jewish physician and medical researcher, born in New York City, who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for poliomyelitis. His early work (1946) was research on the influenza virus. In 1963, he became director of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies at the Univ. of California, San Diego. He developed a vaccine against poliomyelitis by cultivating three strains of the virus separately in monkey tissue. The virus was separated from the tissue, stored for a week, killed with formaldehyde, then tested to make certain that it is dead. A series of three or four injections with the killed virus vaccine was required to confer immunity.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk
1917 Jack Soo (d 1979) was a Japanese American actor. He is best known for his role as Detective Nick Yemana on the television sitcom Barney Miller.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Soo
1926 Bowie Kuhn, American Commissioner of Baseball (d. 2007)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_Kuhn
1936 Charlie Daniels, American musician
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Daniels
1955 Bill Gates, American software executive
1967 Julia Roberts, American actress
1974 Joaquin Phoenix, American actor
Deaths
1800 Artemas Ward, American politician and soldier (b. 1727)
1818 Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
1899 Ottmar Mergenthaler (b 1854) German-American inventor of the Linotype typesetting machine (1886), regarded as the greatest advance in printing since the development of moveable type 400 years earlier. He moved to the U.S. in 1872. At the age of 32, he designed and built his first linotype machine. With it, the two operations of setting and casting type in lead lines were performed simply by touching the keys of a board similar to the keyboard of a typewriter. His machine enabled one operator to be machinist, type-setter, justifier and typefounder. His machine was first used in 1886 by the New York Tribune, followed by many great improvements on its design. He died at the early age of 45.
1916 Cleveland Abbe (b 1838) U.S. astronomer and first meteorologist, born in New York City, the "father of the U.S. Weather Bureau," which was later renamed the National Weather Service. Abbe inaugurated a private weather reporting and warning service at Cincinnati. His weather reports or bulletins began to be issued on Sept. 1, 1869. The Weather Service of the United States was authorized by Congress on 9 Feb 1870, and placed under the direction of the Signal Service. Abbe was the only person in the country who was already experienced in drawing weather maps from telegraphic reports and forecasting from them. Naturally, he was offered an important position in this new service which he accepted, beginning 3 Jan 1871, and was often the official forecaster of the weather.
1988 John Backus (b 1924) American computer scientist who invented the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) programming language in the mid 1950s. He had previously developed an assembly language for IBM's 701 computer when he suggested the development of a compiler and higher level language for the IBM 704. As the first high-level computer programming language, FORTRAN was able to convert standard mathematical formulas and expressions into the binary code used by computers. Thus a non-specialist could write a program in familiar words and symbols, and different computers could use programs generated in the same language. This paved the way for other computer languages such as COBOL, ALGOL and BASIC.
1996 Morey Amsterdam (b 1908) American television actor and comedian, best known for the role of Buddy Sorrell on The Dick Van d**e Show in the early 1960s.
1997 Marian Koshland (b 1921) American immunologist who discovered that the differences in amino acid composition of antibodies explains the efficiency and effectiveness with which they combat a huge range of foreign invaders. During WWII, her post-graduate studies included assisting with projects developing an Asiatic cholera vaccine, and combatting transmission of airborne pathogens in army barracks. In 1970 she became a professor of Microbiology and Immunology, after which she discovered the J chain (a B cell antibody subunit). In 1991, with colleagues, she identified a specialized intracellular pathway that transports antibodies into blood circulation, allowing for the multiplication of B cells essential in fighting infection.
2003 Marie Maynard Daly (b 1921) American biochemist who was the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Chemistry (1947). Her postdoctoral research at the Rockefeller Institute included studying the composition and metabolism of components of cell nuclei, determining the base composition of deoxypentose nucleic acids, and calculating the rate of uptake of labeled glycine by components of cell nuclei. Seven years later, she took a university position. She taught biochemistry and researched the metabolism of the arterial wall and its relationship to aging, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Later, she studied the uptake, synthesis, and distribution of creatine in cell cultures and tissues. She retired in 1986.
2005 Richard Errett Smalley (b 1943) American chemist and physicist, known as the father of nanotechnology, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Robert F. Curl, Jr., and Sir Harold W. Kroto for their joint 1985 discovery of carbon60 (C60, or buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball) and the fullerenes.
2006 Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and executive (b. 1917)
Christian Feast Day:
Abdias of Babylon
Abgar V of Edessa (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Eadsige
Fidelis of Como (Roman Catholic Church)
Faro
Godwin of Stavelot
Job of Pochayiv (repose) (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Jude the Apostle (Western Christianity)
Lord of Miracles (Lima)
Simon the Zealot (Western Christianity)
October 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Arsenius of Srem, Archbishop of Serbia
Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople
Dorbheneus, Abbot of Iona
Eadsin, Archbishop of Canterbury, England, Who Crowned King Edward the Confessor
Great-martyr Paraskeva of Iconium
Martyrs Terence and Neonilla and their children
New-Martyrs Angelis, Manuel, George and Nicholas of Crete
Venerable Job of Pochayiv
Venerable Stephen of Mar Sabbas monastery in Palestine
www.todayinsci.com/10/10_28.htm
daysuntil.com/Election-Day/index.html
www.weatherforyou.com/cgi-bin/weather_history/today2S.pl
www.amug.org/~jpaul/oct28.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28
www.scopesys.com/cgi-bin/today2.cgi
www.christianhistorytimeline.com/lives_events/birthday/index.php
www.history.com/this-day-in-history
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)
www.hymntime.com/tch/index.htm