Post by farmgal on Sept 30, 2012 23:34:56 GMT -5
October 2 is the 276th day of this leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
There are 90 days remaining until the end of the year.
Days until Election Day, Tuesday November 6, 2012: 35
Countdown until Obama leaves Office www.obamaclock.org/
U.S. Debt Clock: www.usdebtclock.org/
1187 Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule. War is a lot like a gang fight. And woe to the rival who steps on his enemy's turf! In the twelfth century, the gang fight was between Christian Crusaders and Muslim Saracens. Chatillon, a cruel Crusader, massacred several dozen Muslim pilgrims in cold blood just because they stepped onto his turf. This so maddened Sultan Saladin of the Saracens that he vowed revenge.
Saladin had become Sultan of Egypt in 1174 through a coup. After conquering Syria and Damascus, he led the Saracens in victory over the Crusaders on the plain of Tiberias in 1187. With his own scimitar, he kept his promise and slew Chatillon. The rival gangs next "rumbled" over Jerusalem. On this day, October 2, 1187, the Muslim general captured the holy city. Muslims immediately clambered up and removed the cross that the Crusaders had mounted on the cupola of the Dome of the Rock. According to an eyewitness, the combined roar of the Muslims shouting "Allah is greatest!" and the groans of the defeated Crusaders, watching the fall of their sacred symbol, was so loud it shook the ground.
Saladin shamed the ruthless Crusaders by treating the city with kindness and keeping every promise he made to its people. Islam controlled Jerusalem from that day until the 20th century.
Saladin hoped to hold all of Palestine. However, Crusaders Richard Lionheart and Philip Augustus of France soon recaptured Acre. Richard Lionheart defeated the Saladin again, dashing Saracen hopes of total control. The Lionheart perpetrated atrocities to equal the other Crusaders. Yet his personal strength and valor made him legendary. He is said to have struck down four hundred men by himself in one battle alone. Faced with such a foe, Saladin finally agreed to a treaty that permitted Europeans to hold ports on the Palestine coast. Christians were allowed to make pilgrimages to sacred shrines in Jerusalem.
Saladin's courage, justice and moderation were rare in that age and have won him lasting respect in the West. Christians thought they were justified in launching the crusades. They argued that their actions were defensive-- preemptive strikes to keep Islam from renewing its attacks on Europe--and that they were just taking back turf the Saracens had snatched earlier. Whether their arguments are valid or not, one thing is certain: They did not live up to Christ's teachings about love after they had conquered the Middle East. What a different tale the Crusaders might have told if they had at least lived up to Saladin's code, even it they were unable to abide by the law of love!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)
www.christianity.com/ChurchHistory/11629809/
1535 - Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier
1721 - The first record of the importation of an African camel into America was an advertisement in the Boston Gazzette, announcing that the camel was being exhibited in Boston, Mass., and that it stood 7 feet high and 12 feet long. The first commercial importation of a number of camels into the U.S. was made in 1856 to be used for military purposes, following an appropriation of $30,000 made by Congress on 3 Mar 1855 (10 Stat. L. 639).
1780 - British spy executed in Arnold affair. During the American War for Independence, British Major John AndrÉ is hanged as a spy by U.S. military forces in Tappan, New York.
Ten days before, AndrÉ had been apprehended by three highwaymen sympathetic to the Patriot cause, and they turned him over to U.S. authorities after finding intelligence information hidden in his boot. The intelligence papers revealed that AndrÉ was returning from a secret meeting with U.S. General Benedict Arnold, who, as the commander of West Point, had offered to surrender the strategic Hudson River fort for a bribe of $20,000. With the plot uncovered, Arnold fled to the British warship Vulture and joined the British in their fight against his country. Benedict Arnold had been a hero of the Patriot cause, distinguishing himself in a number of battles, but henceforth his name became synonymous with the word "traitor" in American speech. He died in London in 1801.
1789 - George Washington sends the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification.
1833 - NY Anti-Slavery Society organized
1835 - First shots of the Texas Revolution fired in the Battle of Gonzales On this day in 1835, the growing tensions between Mexico and Texas erupt into violence when Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, sparking the Texan war for independence.
Texas--or Tejas as the Mexicans called it--had technically been a part of the Spanish empire since the 17th century. However, even as late as the 1820s, there were only about 3,000 Spanish-Mexican settlers in Texas, and Mexico City's hold on the territory was tenuous at best. After winning its own independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico welcomed large numbers of Anglo-American immigrants into Texas in the hopes they would become loyal Mexican citizens and keep the territory from falling into the hands of the United States. During the next decade men like Stephen Austin brought more than 25,000 people to Texas, most of them Americans. But while these emigrants legally became Mexican citizens, they continued to speak English, formed their own schools, and had closer trading ties to the United States than to Mexico.
In 1835, the president of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, overthrew the constitution and appointed himself dictator. Recognizing that the "American" Texans were likely to use his rise to power as an excuse to secede, Santa Anna ordered the Mexican military to begin disarming the Texans whenever possible. This proved more difficult than expected, and on October 2, 1835, Mexican soldiers attempting to take a small cannon from the village of Gonzales encountered stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia of Texans. After a brief fight, the Mexicans retreated and the Texans kept their cannon.
The determined Texans would continue to battle Santa Ana and his army for another year and a half before winning their independence and establishing the Republic of Texas.
1836 Darwin returns to England aboard HMS Beagle
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
View of part of the Saltville battlefield
1864 - Battle of Saltville, A Union cavalry column strikes Saltville in southwestern Virginia, but is defeated by a force patched together from several reserve units. The Confederacy's main source of salt, used as a preservative for army rations, was secured as the war entered its final phase.
Southwestern Virginia was important to the Confederacy though few battles were fought there. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad ran through the region, connecting the eastern and western theaters of operation. Salt and lead mines located in the area were vital to the Southern war effort. In September 1864, Union General Alvan Gillem planned a raid from his base in eastern Tennessee. He requested the assistance of General Stephen Burbridge, head of the District of Kentucky. Burbridge thwarted Gillem's plan by requesting permission from Union army Chief of Staff General Henry Halleck to launch an expedition toward Saltville from Kentucky while Gillem threatened the area from the southeast.
With nearly 8,000 soldiers, the two Union forces converged on the area; the Confederates had barely 1,000 men to stop them. Some of those were used to slow Gillem's advance, but only a few hundred men under the command of Colonel Henry Giltner were available to face Burbridge. On October 1, Giltner delayed the Yankees at Clinch Mountain, but by October 2 the Yankees had reached the outskirts of Saltville. Confederate General John Williams arrived just in time with cavalry reinforcements, and Burbridge suddenly faced more than 2,500 Rebels. The determined Confederates dug in and repulsed a series of attacks. By nightfall, Burbridge's men were running low on ammunition. The Yankees withdrew during the night, and the Confederates pursued them to the Kentucky border. The glory of the victory was tarnished, however, when the Confederates massacred wounded Union soldiers from the 5th and 6th Colored Cavalry.
The Union suffered 329 men killed, wounded, or missing at Saltville, while the Confederates lost 190 men. It was a stunning victory for the Confederates, since they were vastly outnumbered. Winning the Battle of Saltville did little to delay the collapse of the Confederacy, however, which was complete just six months later.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saltville_I
1866 - The first U.S. patent for a tin can with a key opener was issued to J. Osterhoudt of New York City (No. 58,554). Described as an "improved method of opening tin cans," the can featured a projecting lip and key.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_opener#Church_key
1882 - An early season windstorm over Oregon and northern California blew down thousands of trees and caused great crop damage in the Sacramento Valley. (David Ludlum)
1889 - In Colorado, Nicholas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1889 - 1st Pan American conference (Washington DC)
1898 - A hurricane struck the Georgia coast washing away Campbell Island. (David Ludlum)
1903 - The first U.S. steam-turbine of large capacity for commercial service was placed in service at the Fiske Street station of the Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, Illinois. It was built by General Electric Co in Schenectady, N.Y., and had been factory-tested on 4 Mar 1903. Compared to the reciprocating engine it replaced, the turbine needed only one-third of its floor space, had only one-eight of its weight, and cost only one-third as much. The turbine developed 6,500 h.p. operating with steam at a pressure of 175 lbs/sq.in. and a temperature of 375 deg. F.
1908 Addie Joss perfect game stops Ed Walsh 1-0 who won 40 in a row. In a great pitching duel, Ed Walsh is almost perfect, giving up four hits and striking out 15 in eight innings, but Cleveland's Addie Joss is perfect, setting down 27 straight White Sox for a 1-0 victory. The only run scores on a passed ball by Ossee Schreckengost. It is the high point of Joss's career. He will finish 24-12 with a 1.16 ERA.
1916 - Grover Cleveland Alexander records his 16th shutout of the year
1919 - Woodrow Wilson suffers a stroke On this day in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson, who had just cut short a tour of the country to promote the formation of the League of Nations, suffers a stroke.
The tour’s intense schedule--8,000 miles in 22 days--cost Wilson his health. He suffered constant headaches during the tour, finally collapsing from exhaustion in Pueblo, Colorado, in late September. He managed to return to Washington, only to suffer a near-fatal stroke on October 2.
Wilson’s wife Edith blamed Republican opponents in Congress for her husband’s stroke, as their vehement opposition to the League of Nations often took the form of character assassination. Edith, who was even suspicious of the political motives of Vice President Thomas Marshall, closely guarded access to her husband. She kept the true extent of Wilson’s incapacitation from the press and his opponents. While Wilson lay in bed, unable to speak or move, Edith purportedly insisted that she screen all of Wilson’s paperwork, in some cases signing Wilson’s name to documents without consulting the convalescing president. Edith, however, denied usurping her husband’s position during his recovery and in her memoirs insisted she acted only as a "steward."
Wilson slowly regained his health, but the lasting effects of the stroke—he remained partially paralyzed on one side--limited his ability to continue to campaign in favor of the League. In 1921, Republican Warren Harding’s election to the presidency effectively ended efforts by the League’s supporters to get it ratified. Wilson died in 1924
1920 - Cincinnati Reds beat Pittsburgh Pirates 2 games out of 3 in a tripleheader
1924 - The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
1925 - John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.
1935 - NY Hayden Planetarium, the 4th in the US, opens. The Hayden Planetarium, designed by architects Trowbridge & Livingston, opens, after its construction is funded by a $650,000 loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and a $150,000 donation from Charles Hayden. Its mission was to give the public: a more lively and sincere appreciation of the magnitude of the universe... and for the wonderful things which are daily occurring in the universe.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium
1936 Tony Lazzeri becomes the first Yank to hit a world series grand slam
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lazzeri
1936 First alcohol power plant established, Atchison, Kansas. America's first power-alcohol plant was producing new fuel for motor cars. Two batches of anhydrous ethyl alcohol made from corn, totaling 2,000 gallons, poured from the stills of the Chemical Foundation sponsored plant of the Bailor Manufacturing Company in Atchison, Kansas.
1937 - FDR visits Grand Coulee Dam construction site in Washington State
1937 - Ronald Reagan makes his screen debut. Love is on the Air was a 1937 film directed by Nick Grinde. The film stars Eddie Acuff, Robert H. Barrat, Raymond Hatton, Willard Parker and future President Ronald Reagan
1937 - Films of moving X-ray images on a fluorescopic screen showing the movement of organs of the human body were shown at the American Roentgen Ray Society convention. in New York City. The images were filmed with a home 16-mm movie camera at 16 frames per second (reduced to 12 or 8 fps for thicker bodies). Two seconds exposure could capture two or three beats of the heart, the act of breathing, movements of the diaphragm or motion of joints. Film clip loops could be projected to show repeating motion. The films were made by Drs William H. Stewart, William J. Hoffman and Francis H. Ghiselin from Manhattan's Lenox Hill Hospital. They reported their technique at the previous year's convention.
1939 - "Flying Home" was recorded by Benny Goodman and his six-man-band.
1941 - Operation Typhoon is launched. On this day in 1941, the Germans begin their surge to Moscow, led by the 1st Army Group and Gen. Fedor von Bock. Russian peasants in the path of Hitler's army employ a "scorched-earth" policy.
Hitler's forces had invaded the Soviet Union in June, and early on it had become one relentless push inside Russian territory. The first setback came in August, when the Red Army's tanks drove the Germans back from the Yelnya salient. Hitler confided to General Bock at the time: "Had I known they had as many tanks as that, I'd have thought twice before invading." But there was no turning back for Hitler--he believed he was destined to succeed where others had failed, and capture Moscow.
Although some German generals had warned Hitler against launching Operation Typhoon as the harsh Russian winter was just beginning, remembering the fate that befell Napoleon--who got bogged down in horrendous conditions, losing serious numbers of men and horses--Bock urged him on. This encouragement, coupled with the fact that the Germany army had taken the city of Kiev in late September, caused Hitler to declare, "The enemy is broken and will never be in a position to rise again." So for 10 days, starting October 2, the 1st Army Group drove east, drawing closer to the Soviet capital each day. But the Russians also remembered Napoleon and began destroying everything as they fled their villages, fields, and farms. Harvested crops were burned, livestock were driven away, and buildings were blown up, leaving nothing of value behind to support exhausted troops. Hitler's army inherited nothing but ruins.
1944 - Warsaw Uprising ends with the surrender of the surviving Polish rebels to German forces.
Two months earlier, the approach of the Red Army to Warsaw prompted Polish resistance forces to launch a rebellion against the Nazi occupation. The rebels, who supported the democratic Polish government-in-exile in London, hoped to gain control of the city before the Soviets "liberated" it. The Poles feared that if they failed to take the city the Soviet conquerors would forcibly set up a pro-Soviet communist regime in Poland.
The poorly supplied Poles made early gains against the Germans, but Nazi leader Adolf Hitler sent reinforcements. In brutal street fighting, the Poles were gradually overcome by superior German weaponry. Meanwhile, the Red Army occupied a suburb of Warsaw but made no efforts to aid the Polish rebels. The Soviets also rejected a request by the British to use Soviet air bases to airlift supplies to the beleaguered Poles.
After 63 days, the Poles--out of arms, supplies, food, and water--were forced to surrender. In the aftermath, the Nazis deported much of Warsaw's population and destroyed the city. With protestors in Warsaw out of the way, the Soviets faced little organized opposition in establishing a communist government in Poland.
1946 - First network soap opera - "Faraway Hill" on Dumont
1947 - Yogi Berra becomes first to pinch hit a world series homer.
1950 - The comic strip "Peanuts" first appears, in 9 newspapers. When United Feature (which syndicated The Captain & the Kids, the cartoons of Bill Mauldin and other well-known toons) bought it, they changed the name to Peanuts (a name Schulz disliked from the start), and offered it as a filler. Only seven papers carried its debut.
1953 - Friday nights were "Person to Person" nights on CBS.
1954 - "Hey There" by Rosemary Clooney topped the charts
1955 -"Alfred Hitchcock Presents" premiers
1956 - The Atomicron, the first atomic clock in the U.S., was unveiled at the Overseas Press Club in New York City. The basis of the timing was the constant frequency of the oscillations of the caesium atom - 9,192,631,830 MHz. It was priced at $50,000. The Atomicron measured 84" high, 22" wide and 18" deep.
1959 - A tornado struck the town of Ivy, VA (located near Charlottesville). Eleven persons were killed, including ten from one family. (The Weather Channel)
1959 - Rod Serling's "Twilight Zone" premieres on CBS
1961 - "Ben Casey" premieres
1963 - Sandy Koufax gets 15 Ks in World Series opener
1963 - Martin Luther King's famous "I Have A Dream" speech was registered
1965 - "Hang on Sloopy" by the McCoys topped the charts
1966 - 2 perfect game pitchers face each other (Bunning vs Koufax)
1966 - Soviets report that Russian military personnel have come under fire. The Soviet Defense Ministry newspaper, Krasnaya Zuezda, reports that Russian military experts have come under fire during U.S. raids against North Vietnamese missile sites while the Soviets were training North Vietnamese soldiers in the use of Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles.
This was extremely significant because it was the first public acknowledgment that Soviets had trained North Vietnamese missile crews and were observing them in action. U.S. officials had long maintained that the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China were providing military aid--including training advisers, weapons, and equipment--that permitted the North Vietnamese to continue the war. Until this pooint, both the Soviets and Chinese had denied they had personnel in North Vietnam.
The North Vietnamese fired over 10,000 SA-2 SAMs (surface-to-air missiles) at U.S. aircraft from 1965 to 1972, and each of those missiles was supplied by the Soviet Union. This was also true for the T-54 medium tanks, 130-mm field guns, and other sophisticated weapons and equipment the North Vietnamese used to launch their 1972 and 1975 offensives. The only time that this steady source of weapons and equipment from the Soviets was significantly impeded was during 1972, when President Richard Nixon ordered the stepping up of air raids against Hanoi and the mining of Haiphong harbor, through which most of the weapons and heavy equipment normally came.
1967 - Aerial offensive against North Vietnam continues. The increased U.S. aerial offensive against North Vietnam that had started August 11 continues. According to U.S. State and Defense officials, the offensive had slowed the flow of war supplies from Communist China to Hanoi. Intelligence overflights revealed that the bombing of bridges had halted the movement of military material on the key rail line from Dong Dang, near the Chinese border, to Hanoi. However, U.S. officials conceded that Communist military equipment was reaching Hanoi by other means.
In Congress, dissention continued over the bombing issue. Senator John Sherman Cooper (R-New York) urged the United States to take the "first step" toward negotiations with an "unconditional cessation" of the bombing of North Vietnam. Senator Gale McGee (D-Wyoming) defended the Vietnam policies of the Johnson administration saying the "stake is not only Vietnam but all the nations in Southeast Asia."
1967 - Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Marshall's appointment to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1961 was opposed by some Southern senators and was not confirmed until 1962. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to the Supreme Court two years later; he was the first black to sit on the high court, where he consistently supported the position taken by those challenging discrimination based on race or sex, opposed the death penalty, and supported the rights of criminal defendants.
1968 - Bob Gibson sets a world series record of 17 strikeouts breaking Sandy Koufax’s record for the most strikeouts in a Series game. Though the Cards ended up losing the Series in seven games, Gibson pitched three and struck out an unprecedented 35 batters.
Gibson was recovering from an injury--the year before, a Roberto Clemente line drive had smashed his ankle--but he still managed to win 22 games in 1968, with one 15-game winning streak that included 10 of his 13 shutouts. He started 34 games and finished 28 (an incredible 304 2/3 innings of play) and in one remarkable 96-inning stretch he allowed just two runs. His earned-run average was 1.12, the fourth-lowest ever.
Gibson was the National League’s MVP in 1968, but his weren’t the year’s only extraordinary accomplishments on the mound. Tigers pitcher Denny McLain (who lost twice to Gibson in the ’68 Series) won 31 games. Dodger Don Drysdale threw six shutouts in a row--a record 58 2/3 scoreless innings. The Cards and the Giants threw back-to-back no-hitters, one against the other, and the Astros beat the Mets by scoring just one run after an exhausting 24 innings.
People called it the Year of the Pitcher, and it didn’t happen by accident. The home-run-heavy early 1960s had inspired baseball commissioner Ford Frick to try to prevent batters from batting quite so well, for fear that the game would become too lopsided for fans to enjoy. Frick raised the pitchers’ mound from 10 inches to 15, and he implemented a bigger strike zone. As a result, batting averages tumbled. Only six players hit over .300 in 1968, and Carl Yastrzemski’s .301 was the lowest average ever to win a league batting title.
Pitchers were happy, but almost no one else was. Commissioner William Eckert was fired at the end of the season for not doing more to help hitters. The next year, new commissioner Bowie Kuhn reintroduced the 10-inch pitchers’ mound and the smaller strike zone, and Rod Carew won the AL title with a .332 average. Since then, the designated hitter; the shrinking strike zone; smaller ballparks; weight training and steroids; and livelier baseballs have all boosted batting averages and made it harder to pitch as successfully as Gibson and his peers.
But Gibson took the changes in stride. He struck out 10 Pirates and walked three in his only no-hitter in August 1971. Three years later, he pitched his 3,000th strikeout--only the second in MLB history to do so--to Cesar Geronimo of the Cincinnati Reds. (He’d throw 3,117 in all.) He was a first-ballot selection to the Hall of Fame in 1981, and fans voted him to the All-Century Team in 1999. His statue stands outside Busch Stadium in St. Louis.
1968 - California's Redwood National Park was established
1970 - A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporters crashes in Colorado killing 31 people.
1970 - A two-day convention opened at which the Baptist Convention of Pennsylvania-South Jersey was formed. It was comprised of 9,000 charter members from 52 Southern Baptist churches
1971 - "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart topped the charts
1980 - The temperature at Blue Canyon, CA, soared to 88 degrees, an October record for that location. (The Weather Channel)
1981 - Severe thunderstorms raked Phoenix, AZ, with heavy rain, high winds, and hail up to an inch and a half in diameter, for the second day in a row. Thunderstorms on the 1st deluged Phoenix with .68 inch of rain in five minutes, equalling their all-time record. (The Weather Channel)
1983 Carl Yastrzemski's last at bat
1984 - Grace Ministries International was incorporated in Grand Rapids, MI. Originating as Bethesda Mission in 1951, GMI engages in church planting in nearly a dozen overseas countries.
1987 - A fast moving cold front produced snow flurries from Minnesota to the Appalachian Mountains, and gale force winds behind the front ushered cold air into the Great Lakes Region. Valentine NE reported a record low of 25 degrees. Temperatures recovered rapidly in the Northern High Plains Region, reaching the lower 80s by afternoon. Jackson, WY, warmed from a morning low of 21 degrees to an afternoon high of 76 degrees. (The National Weather Summary)
1988 - Early morning thunderstorms in Georgia produced three inches of rain at Canton and Woodstock. (The National Weather Summary)
1989 - Flooding due to thunderstorm rains in the southeastern U.S. on the last day of September and the first day of October caused the Etowah River to rise seven feet above flood stage at Canton GA. Thunderstorms produced up to ten inches of rain in northeastern Georgia, with six inches reported at Athens GA in 24 hours. One man was killed, and another man was injured, when sucked by floodwaters into drainage lines. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data)
1996 - The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
2001 - NATO backs US military strikes following 9/11.
2002 - The Beltway sniper attacks begin, extending over three weeks.
2005 - Ethan Allen Boating Accident: The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George in Upstate New York, killing twenty people.
2006 - Gunman kills five students at Amish school Charles Roberts enters the West Nickel Mines Amish School in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania, where he fatally shoots five female students and wounds five more before turning his gun on himself and committing suicide.
Charles Carl Roberts IV, a 32-year-old milk truck driver from a nearby town, entered the one-room schoolhouse at around 10:30 a.m. armed with an arsenal of weapons, ammunition, tools and other items including toilet paper that indicated he planned for the possibility of a long standoff. He forced the 15 boys and several women with infants inside the school to leave and made the 11 girls present line up against the blackboard. Police were contacted about the hostage situation at approximately 10:30 a.m. When they arrived at the schoolhouse a short time later, Roberts had barricaded the school doors with boards he had brought with him and tied up his hostages. Roberts spoke briefly with his wife by cell phone and said he was upset with God over the death of his baby daughter in 1997. He also told her he had molested two girls 20 years earlier and was having fantasies about molesting children again. At approximately 11 a.m., Roberts spoke with a 911 dispatcher and said if the police didn’t leave he’d start shooting. Seconds after, he shot five of the students. When authorities stormed the schoolhouse, Roberts shot himself in the head.
Roberts, a father of three, had no criminal history or record of mental illness. Additionally, his family knew nothing about his claims that he had molested two young female relatives. The Amish community, known for their religious devotion, as well as wearing traditional clothing and shunning certain modern conveniences, consoled Roberts’ wife in the wake of the tragedy; some members even attended his funeral. Ten days after the shootings, the Amish tore down the schoolhouse and eventually built a new one nearby.
Births
1737 - Francis Hopkinson, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
1755 Christian Writer Hannah Adams. Hannah Adams was comparing Broughton's Dictionary of Religions with facts she knew about the Christian denominations described in it. Broughton's account simply was not honest. She could write a more accurate account than that, she thought.
That is how Hannah came to write her Alphabetical Compend of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present Day. Although a member of the Congregational Church, she attempted to be accurate and unbiased toward other branches of Christianity. Her book did well, but the publisher took almost all of the profit from the first edition.
This was unfortunate for Hannah, who badly needed the money since she was frail and had no other way to support herself except by making lace. Her father had gone bankrupt when she was just seventeen, and from then on she had to fend for herself. However, she was better paid for the second edition. Altogether the book went through four editions and was even reprinted in England.
Hannah loved to read and study. Born in Medfield, Massachusetts on this day, October 2, 1755, she was a weak child. Her father, who was known as "Book Adams" kept her home from school. This was not a tragic loss, however, as he boarded theology students at his house and they taught Hannah geography, Greek, Latin and logic. She had a tremendous memory and such a far-away look that people said she was not of this world.
Perhaps she wasn't. "I remember that my first idea of the happiness of Heaven was a place where we should find our thirst for knowledge fully gratified," she admitted. It is told that the librarian locked her in when he went to lunch, because it was useless to try to pry her loose from a book once she got her nose in it.
Hannah added a few books to the library shelves herself. She was the first American woman to reach a level where she could make her living entirely by writing. Among the books she wrote were Truth and Excellence of the Christian Religion, a History of the Jews, Letters on the Gospels and a Summary History of New England.
She became temporarily blind while writing this last book. It was to cause her a good deal of controversy, too. She prepared a shorter edition for use in schools, but her "friend," school master Rev. Jedidiah Morse, beat her out with his own edition. She sued him for infringement of her rights; he defended himself. The battle dragged on for ten years and seems never to have been satisfactorily resolved, but contemporaries felt Morse was in the wrong.
Several prominent men banded together to provide Hannah with an annuity that eased the remaining years of her life. She died in 1831 and was the first person buried in the Mount Auburn cemetery, Boston. Her works were not particularly original, but were useful because they brought together a good deal of scattered information and were compiled with skill.
She left behind an autobiography which was published in Boston the year after she died.
www.christianity.com/ChurchHistory/11630262/
1800 - Nat Turner, American leader of slave uprising (d. 1831)
1833 - Rev. William Corby, American Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Corby is perhaps best known for his giving general absolution to the Irish Brigade on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, which was dramatized in the film Gettysburg. Fr. Corby also served twice as President of the University of Notre Dame. The school's Corby Hall is named for him, and a statue of him similar to that at Gettysburg stands outside this building on the Notre Dame campus. (d. 1897)
1846 - Eliza Maria Mosher (d 1928). American physician and educator whose wide-ranging medical career included an educational focus on physical fitness and health maintenance. Upon receiving her M.D. degree (1875), she began private practice in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. In 1877 she was made resident physician at the Massachusetts State Reformatory Prison for Women at Sherborn, Mass. Subsequently, she became superintendent of the institution, though an injury to her knee forced her to return to private practice and university positions. In private research she investigated medical aspects of posture. She designed the seats in several types of rapid-transit streetcars, and invented an orthopedically sound kindergarten chair and was a founder of the American Posture League.
1871 - Cordell Hull, 47th United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
1871 - Martha Brookes Brown Hutcheson, American landscape architect, lecturer, and author, active in New England, New York, and New Jersey.
1879 - Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
1885 - Ruth Bryan Rohde US, (Rep), minister to Denmark
1886 - Robert Julius Trumpler (d 1956).Swiss-born U.S. astronomer who moved to the US in 1915 and worked at the Lick Observatory. In 1922, by observing a solar eclipse, he was able to confirm Einstein's theory of relativity. He made extensive studies of galactic star clusters, and demonstrated (1930) the presence throughout the galactic plane of a tenuous haze of interstellar material that absorbs light generally that dims and reddens the light from of distant clusters. The presence of this obscuring haze revealed how the size of spiral galaxies had been over-estimated. Whereas Harlow Shapley, in 1918, determined the distance to the centre of the Milky Way to be 50,000 light-years away, Trumpler's work reduced this to 30,000 light-years
1890 - Julius "Groucho" Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)
1893 - Leroy Shield, American film score and radio composer (Our Gang, Laurel and Hardy) (d. 1962)
1895 - Bud Abbott, American comedian and actor (d. 1974)
1901 - Charles Stark Draper (d 1987). American aeronautical engineer, educator, and science administrator who earned degrees from Stanford, Harvard, and MIT then, in 1939, became head of MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory, which was a centre for the design of navigational and guidance systems for ships, airplanes, and missiles from World War II through the Cold War. He developed gyroscope systems that stabilized and balanced gunsights and bombsights and which were later expanded to an inertial guidance system for launching long-range missiles at supersonic jet targets. He was "the father of inertial navigation." The Project Apollo contract for guiding man and spacecraft to the moon was also placed with the Instrumentation Lab.
1906 - Willy Ley (d 1969). German-American engineer who was a founder of the German Rocket Society. The society was the first group of men (with the sole exception of Robert Goddard) to experiment with rockets. Ley introduced Wernher von Braun to the society. Ley was consultant for the science fiction film Frau im Mond in which the countdown from ten to zero was introduced. Fiercely anti-Nazi, unlike Von Braun, in 1934, he emigrated to the U.S. rather than pursuing military applications of rocketry. In the U.S., he became a popularizer of space exploration and travel, writing many popular books.
1911 - Jack Finney, American sci-fi author (d. 1995)
1914 - Jack Parsons, American rocket scientist, author, and occultist (d. 1952)
1918 - Don Hustad, organist for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. He accompanied Graham as organist for his worldwide crusades during 1961-67.
1921 - Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006)
1932 - Maury Wills, American baseball player
1933 - Phill Niblock, American composer, filmmaker and videographer
1937 - Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., American attorney (d. 2005)
1938 - Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor
1943 - Franklin Rosemont (d 2009) was a celebrated poet, artist, historian, street speaker, and co-founder of the Chicago Surrealist Group.[1] Over four decades, Franklin produced a body of work, of declarations, manifestos, poetry, collage, hidden histories, and other interventions intended to inspire a new generation of revolution, and became perhaps "the most productive scholar of labor and the left in the United States."
1945 - Don McLean, American songwriter
1948 - Chris LeDoux, American musician and rodeo performer (d. 2005)
1949 - Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
Deaths
1782 - Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732)
1803 - Samuel Adams, American revolutionary leader (b. 1722)
1846 - Benjamin Waterhouse (b 1754) American physician and scientist who pioneered smallpox vaccination and fostered an aggressive campaign to inoculate Americans against smallpox. He studied the researches of English physician Edward Jenner and followed with his own experiments. On 8 Jul 1800, Waterhouse introduced Jenner's method of vaccination into America by inoculating his five-year-old son, Daniel Oliver, and a household servant with vaccine obtained from England. Vaccinations of three more Waterhouse children and another servant soon followed. Whereas Dr. Zabdiel Boylston and others had previously used inoculation in the U.S., Waterhouse was the American physician who established it as a general practice
1940 - Freelan O. Stanley (b 1849) American inventor, who with his twin brother Francis, were the most famous manufacturers of steam-driven automobiles. Francis previously had invented a photographic dry-plate process (1883), and as the Stanley Dry Plate Company the brothers had engaged in the manufacturing of the plates. They sold the company to Eastman Kodak in 1905, as their interest had turned to steam-powered automobiles. They began working on steam powered cars in 1897, and built thousands of them them until the 1920's as the Stanley Motor Company. At racing events, they often competed successfully against gasoline powered cars (1902-09). They set a world record in 1906 for fastest mile in 28.2 seconds (127 mph or 205 kph).
1966 - Richard Edwin Shope (b 1901) American animal pathologist and virologist who was first to isolate an influenza virus, first to vaccinate animals against influenza, and first to identify (1928) the causative agent as a virus in the 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic. The laboratory and field studies he made of viruses in animals provided knowledge in protecting both animals and humans against viruses. He researched cancerous tumors in animals. In studying the role of mosquitoes as carriers of sleeping sickness disease, he caught the potentially fatal disease himself from them. Fortunately, he recovered completely (one of the few who did so without permanent brain damage). His co-worker, Dr. Delphine Clark, recovered "live virus" from his blood, the first to be taken from a live human.
1981 - Harry Lewis Golden born Herschel Goldhirsch (May 6, 1902–October 2, 1981) was an American Jewish writer and newspaper publisher. (For Two Cents Plain, Only in America)
1995 - Rock Hudson, 59, actor, becomes the first major U.S. celebrity to die of complications from AIDS. Hudson's death raised public awareness of the epidemic, which until that time had been ignored by many in the mainstream as a "gay plague."
Hudson, born Leroy Harold Scherer Jr., on November 17, 1925, in Winnetka, Illinois, was a Hollywood heartthrob whose career in movies and TV spanned nearly three decades. With leading-man good looks, Hudson starred in numerous dramas and romantic comedies in the 1950s and 60s, including Magnificent Obsession, Giant and Pillow Talk. In the 1970s, he found success on the small screen with such series as McMillan and Wife. To protect his macho image, Hudson's off-screen life as a gay man was kept secret from the public.
In 1984, while working on the TV show Dynasty, Hudson was diagnosed with AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he publicly acknowledged he had the disease at a hospital in Paris, where he had gone to seek treatment. The news that Hudson, an international icon, had AIDS focused worldwide attention on the disease and helped change public perceptions of it.
The first cases of AIDS were reported in 1981 and the earliest victims were gay men who often faced public hostility and discrimination. As scientists and health care officials called for funding to combat the disease, they were largely ignored by President Ronald Reagan and his administration. Rock Hudson was a friend of Reagan's and his death was said to have changed the president's view of the disease. However, Reagan was criticized for not addressing the issue of AIDS in a major public speech until 1987; by that time, more than 20,000 Americans had already died of the disease and it had spread to over 100 countries. By 2006, the AIDS virus had killed 25 million people worldwide and infected 40 million others.
1998 - Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907)
2003 - John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)
2005 - Nipsey Russell, American comedian (b. 1918)
2006 - Helen Chenoweth-Hage, American politician (b. 1938)
Christian Feast Day
Feast of the Guardian Angels
Leodegar
October 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Hieromartyr Cyprian, virgin-martyr Justina, and Theoctistus of Nicomedia (268-304)
Blessed Andrew, Fool-for-Christ, at Constantinople (936)
Repose of Blessed Great Princess Anna of Kashin (1338)
Blessed Cyprian of Suzdal, Fool-for-Christ and Wonderworker (1622)
Saint Cassian of Uglich, monk (1504)
Martyrs David and Constantine, princes of Argveti, Georgia (730)
Martyr George of Philadelphia in Asia Minor, from Mount Athos (1749)
Saint Damaris of Athens (1st century)
Saint Theophilus the Confessor
Great-martyr Theodore Gavra of Atran in Chaldea (1180)
Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet (1817)
Other commemorations
Repose of Hiero-schemamonk Theodosius of Karoulia at Mount Athos (1937)
New Martyr Monk-Soldier Roman (1971-1994) (Martyred in Bosnia on October 2, 1994)
www.scopesys.com/cgi-bin/today2.cgi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2
www.history.com/this-day-in-history/operation-typhoon-is-launched
www.amug.org/~jpaul/oct02.html
www.weatherforyou.com/cgi-bin/weather_history/today2S.pl
daysuntil.com/Election-Day/index.html
www.todayinsci.com/10/10_02.htm
www.daysuntil.com/Election-Day/index.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)
There are 90 days remaining until the end of the year.
Days until Election Day, Tuesday November 6, 2012: 35
Countdown until Obama leaves Office www.obamaclock.org/
U.S. Debt Clock: www.usdebtclock.org/
1187 Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule. War is a lot like a gang fight. And woe to the rival who steps on his enemy's turf! In the twelfth century, the gang fight was between Christian Crusaders and Muslim Saracens. Chatillon, a cruel Crusader, massacred several dozen Muslim pilgrims in cold blood just because they stepped onto his turf. This so maddened Sultan Saladin of the Saracens that he vowed revenge.
Saladin had become Sultan of Egypt in 1174 through a coup. After conquering Syria and Damascus, he led the Saracens in victory over the Crusaders on the plain of Tiberias in 1187. With his own scimitar, he kept his promise and slew Chatillon. The rival gangs next "rumbled" over Jerusalem. On this day, October 2, 1187, the Muslim general captured the holy city. Muslims immediately clambered up and removed the cross that the Crusaders had mounted on the cupola of the Dome of the Rock. According to an eyewitness, the combined roar of the Muslims shouting "Allah is greatest!" and the groans of the defeated Crusaders, watching the fall of their sacred symbol, was so loud it shook the ground.
Saladin shamed the ruthless Crusaders by treating the city with kindness and keeping every promise he made to its people. Islam controlled Jerusalem from that day until the 20th century.
Saladin hoped to hold all of Palestine. However, Crusaders Richard Lionheart and Philip Augustus of France soon recaptured Acre. Richard Lionheart defeated the Saladin again, dashing Saracen hopes of total control. The Lionheart perpetrated atrocities to equal the other Crusaders. Yet his personal strength and valor made him legendary. He is said to have struck down four hundred men by himself in one battle alone. Faced with such a foe, Saladin finally agreed to a treaty that permitted Europeans to hold ports on the Palestine coast. Christians were allowed to make pilgrimages to sacred shrines in Jerusalem.
Saladin's courage, justice and moderation were rare in that age and have won him lasting respect in the West. Christians thought they were justified in launching the crusades. They argued that their actions were defensive-- preemptive strikes to keep Islam from renewing its attacks on Europe--and that they were just taking back turf the Saracens had snatched earlier. Whether their arguments are valid or not, one thing is certain: They did not live up to Christ's teachings about love after they had conquered the Middle East. What a different tale the Crusaders might have told if they had at least lived up to Saladin's code, even it they were unable to abide by the law of love!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)
www.christianity.com/ChurchHistory/11629809/
1535 - Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier
1721 - The first record of the importation of an African camel into America was an advertisement in the Boston Gazzette, announcing that the camel was being exhibited in Boston, Mass., and that it stood 7 feet high and 12 feet long. The first commercial importation of a number of camels into the U.S. was made in 1856 to be used for military purposes, following an appropriation of $30,000 made by Congress on 3 Mar 1855 (10 Stat. L. 639).
1780 - British spy executed in Arnold affair. During the American War for Independence, British Major John AndrÉ is hanged as a spy by U.S. military forces in Tappan, New York.
Ten days before, AndrÉ had been apprehended by three highwaymen sympathetic to the Patriot cause, and they turned him over to U.S. authorities after finding intelligence information hidden in his boot. The intelligence papers revealed that AndrÉ was returning from a secret meeting with U.S. General Benedict Arnold, who, as the commander of West Point, had offered to surrender the strategic Hudson River fort for a bribe of $20,000. With the plot uncovered, Arnold fled to the British warship Vulture and joined the British in their fight against his country. Benedict Arnold had been a hero of the Patriot cause, distinguishing himself in a number of battles, but henceforth his name became synonymous with the word "traitor" in American speech. He died in London in 1801.
1789 - George Washington sends the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification.
1833 - NY Anti-Slavery Society organized
1835 - First shots of the Texas Revolution fired in the Battle of Gonzales On this day in 1835, the growing tensions between Mexico and Texas erupt into violence when Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, sparking the Texan war for independence.
Texas--or Tejas as the Mexicans called it--had technically been a part of the Spanish empire since the 17th century. However, even as late as the 1820s, there were only about 3,000 Spanish-Mexican settlers in Texas, and Mexico City's hold on the territory was tenuous at best. After winning its own independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico welcomed large numbers of Anglo-American immigrants into Texas in the hopes they would become loyal Mexican citizens and keep the territory from falling into the hands of the United States. During the next decade men like Stephen Austin brought more than 25,000 people to Texas, most of them Americans. But while these emigrants legally became Mexican citizens, they continued to speak English, formed their own schools, and had closer trading ties to the United States than to Mexico.
In 1835, the president of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, overthrew the constitution and appointed himself dictator. Recognizing that the "American" Texans were likely to use his rise to power as an excuse to secede, Santa Anna ordered the Mexican military to begin disarming the Texans whenever possible. This proved more difficult than expected, and on October 2, 1835, Mexican soldiers attempting to take a small cannon from the village of Gonzales encountered stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia of Texans. After a brief fight, the Mexicans retreated and the Texans kept their cannon.
The determined Texans would continue to battle Santa Ana and his army for another year and a half before winning their independence and establishing the Republic of Texas.
1836 Darwin returns to England aboard HMS Beagle
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
View of part of the Saltville battlefield
1864 - Battle of Saltville, A Union cavalry column strikes Saltville in southwestern Virginia, but is defeated by a force patched together from several reserve units. The Confederacy's main source of salt, used as a preservative for army rations, was secured as the war entered its final phase.
Southwestern Virginia was important to the Confederacy though few battles were fought there. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad ran through the region, connecting the eastern and western theaters of operation. Salt and lead mines located in the area were vital to the Southern war effort. In September 1864, Union General Alvan Gillem planned a raid from his base in eastern Tennessee. He requested the assistance of General Stephen Burbridge, head of the District of Kentucky. Burbridge thwarted Gillem's plan by requesting permission from Union army Chief of Staff General Henry Halleck to launch an expedition toward Saltville from Kentucky while Gillem threatened the area from the southeast.
With nearly 8,000 soldiers, the two Union forces converged on the area; the Confederates had barely 1,000 men to stop them. Some of those were used to slow Gillem's advance, but only a few hundred men under the command of Colonel Henry Giltner were available to face Burbridge. On October 1, Giltner delayed the Yankees at Clinch Mountain, but by October 2 the Yankees had reached the outskirts of Saltville. Confederate General John Williams arrived just in time with cavalry reinforcements, and Burbridge suddenly faced more than 2,500 Rebels. The determined Confederates dug in and repulsed a series of attacks. By nightfall, Burbridge's men were running low on ammunition. The Yankees withdrew during the night, and the Confederates pursued them to the Kentucky border. The glory of the victory was tarnished, however, when the Confederates massacred wounded Union soldiers from the 5th and 6th Colored Cavalry.
The Union suffered 329 men killed, wounded, or missing at Saltville, while the Confederates lost 190 men. It was a stunning victory for the Confederates, since they were vastly outnumbered. Winning the Battle of Saltville did little to delay the collapse of the Confederacy, however, which was complete just six months later.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saltville_I
1866 - The first U.S. patent for a tin can with a key opener was issued to J. Osterhoudt of New York City (No. 58,554). Described as an "improved method of opening tin cans," the can featured a projecting lip and key.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_opener#Church_key
1882 - An early season windstorm over Oregon and northern California blew down thousands of trees and caused great crop damage in the Sacramento Valley. (David Ludlum)
1889 - In Colorado, Nicholas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1889 - 1st Pan American conference (Washington DC)
1898 - A hurricane struck the Georgia coast washing away Campbell Island. (David Ludlum)
1903 - The first U.S. steam-turbine of large capacity for commercial service was placed in service at the Fiske Street station of the Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, Illinois. It was built by General Electric Co in Schenectady, N.Y., and had been factory-tested on 4 Mar 1903. Compared to the reciprocating engine it replaced, the turbine needed only one-third of its floor space, had only one-eight of its weight, and cost only one-third as much. The turbine developed 6,500 h.p. operating with steam at a pressure of 175 lbs/sq.in. and a temperature of 375 deg. F.
1908 Addie Joss perfect game stops Ed Walsh 1-0 who won 40 in a row. In a great pitching duel, Ed Walsh is almost perfect, giving up four hits and striking out 15 in eight innings, but Cleveland's Addie Joss is perfect, setting down 27 straight White Sox for a 1-0 victory. The only run scores on a passed ball by Ossee Schreckengost. It is the high point of Joss's career. He will finish 24-12 with a 1.16 ERA.
1916 - Grover Cleveland Alexander records his 16th shutout of the year
1919 - Woodrow Wilson suffers a stroke On this day in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson, who had just cut short a tour of the country to promote the formation of the League of Nations, suffers a stroke.
The tour’s intense schedule--8,000 miles in 22 days--cost Wilson his health. He suffered constant headaches during the tour, finally collapsing from exhaustion in Pueblo, Colorado, in late September. He managed to return to Washington, only to suffer a near-fatal stroke on October 2.
Wilson’s wife Edith blamed Republican opponents in Congress for her husband’s stroke, as their vehement opposition to the League of Nations often took the form of character assassination. Edith, who was even suspicious of the political motives of Vice President Thomas Marshall, closely guarded access to her husband. She kept the true extent of Wilson’s incapacitation from the press and his opponents. While Wilson lay in bed, unable to speak or move, Edith purportedly insisted that she screen all of Wilson’s paperwork, in some cases signing Wilson’s name to documents without consulting the convalescing president. Edith, however, denied usurping her husband’s position during his recovery and in her memoirs insisted she acted only as a "steward."
Wilson slowly regained his health, but the lasting effects of the stroke—he remained partially paralyzed on one side--limited his ability to continue to campaign in favor of the League. In 1921, Republican Warren Harding’s election to the presidency effectively ended efforts by the League’s supporters to get it ratified. Wilson died in 1924
1920 - Cincinnati Reds beat Pittsburgh Pirates 2 games out of 3 in a tripleheader
1924 - The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
1925 - John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.
1935 - NY Hayden Planetarium, the 4th in the US, opens. The Hayden Planetarium, designed by architects Trowbridge & Livingston, opens, after its construction is funded by a $650,000 loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and a $150,000 donation from Charles Hayden. Its mission was to give the public: a more lively and sincere appreciation of the magnitude of the universe... and for the wonderful things which are daily occurring in the universe.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium
1936 Tony Lazzeri becomes the first Yank to hit a world series grand slam
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lazzeri
1936 First alcohol power plant established, Atchison, Kansas. America's first power-alcohol plant was producing new fuel for motor cars. Two batches of anhydrous ethyl alcohol made from corn, totaling 2,000 gallons, poured from the stills of the Chemical Foundation sponsored plant of the Bailor Manufacturing Company in Atchison, Kansas.
1937 - FDR visits Grand Coulee Dam construction site in Washington State
1937 - Ronald Reagan makes his screen debut. Love is on the Air was a 1937 film directed by Nick Grinde. The film stars Eddie Acuff, Robert H. Barrat, Raymond Hatton, Willard Parker and future President Ronald Reagan
1937 - Films of moving X-ray images on a fluorescopic screen showing the movement of organs of the human body were shown at the American Roentgen Ray Society convention. in New York City. The images were filmed with a home 16-mm movie camera at 16 frames per second (reduced to 12 or 8 fps for thicker bodies). Two seconds exposure could capture two or three beats of the heart, the act of breathing, movements of the diaphragm or motion of joints. Film clip loops could be projected to show repeating motion. The films were made by Drs William H. Stewart, William J. Hoffman and Francis H. Ghiselin from Manhattan's Lenox Hill Hospital. They reported their technique at the previous year's convention.
1939 - "Flying Home" was recorded by Benny Goodman and his six-man-band.
1941 - Operation Typhoon is launched. On this day in 1941, the Germans begin their surge to Moscow, led by the 1st Army Group and Gen. Fedor von Bock. Russian peasants in the path of Hitler's army employ a "scorched-earth" policy.
Hitler's forces had invaded the Soviet Union in June, and early on it had become one relentless push inside Russian territory. The first setback came in August, when the Red Army's tanks drove the Germans back from the Yelnya salient. Hitler confided to General Bock at the time: "Had I known they had as many tanks as that, I'd have thought twice before invading." But there was no turning back for Hitler--he believed he was destined to succeed where others had failed, and capture Moscow.
Although some German generals had warned Hitler against launching Operation Typhoon as the harsh Russian winter was just beginning, remembering the fate that befell Napoleon--who got bogged down in horrendous conditions, losing serious numbers of men and horses--Bock urged him on. This encouragement, coupled with the fact that the Germany army had taken the city of Kiev in late September, caused Hitler to declare, "The enemy is broken and will never be in a position to rise again." So for 10 days, starting October 2, the 1st Army Group drove east, drawing closer to the Soviet capital each day. But the Russians also remembered Napoleon and began destroying everything as they fled their villages, fields, and farms. Harvested crops were burned, livestock were driven away, and buildings were blown up, leaving nothing of value behind to support exhausted troops. Hitler's army inherited nothing but ruins.
1944 - Warsaw Uprising ends with the surrender of the surviving Polish rebels to German forces.
Two months earlier, the approach of the Red Army to Warsaw prompted Polish resistance forces to launch a rebellion against the Nazi occupation. The rebels, who supported the democratic Polish government-in-exile in London, hoped to gain control of the city before the Soviets "liberated" it. The Poles feared that if they failed to take the city the Soviet conquerors would forcibly set up a pro-Soviet communist regime in Poland.
The poorly supplied Poles made early gains against the Germans, but Nazi leader Adolf Hitler sent reinforcements. In brutal street fighting, the Poles were gradually overcome by superior German weaponry. Meanwhile, the Red Army occupied a suburb of Warsaw but made no efforts to aid the Polish rebels. The Soviets also rejected a request by the British to use Soviet air bases to airlift supplies to the beleaguered Poles.
After 63 days, the Poles--out of arms, supplies, food, and water--were forced to surrender. In the aftermath, the Nazis deported much of Warsaw's population and destroyed the city. With protestors in Warsaw out of the way, the Soviets faced little organized opposition in establishing a communist government in Poland.
1946 - First network soap opera - "Faraway Hill" on Dumont
1947 - Yogi Berra becomes first to pinch hit a world series homer.
1950 - The comic strip "Peanuts" first appears, in 9 newspapers. When United Feature (which syndicated The Captain & the Kids, the cartoons of Bill Mauldin and other well-known toons) bought it, they changed the name to Peanuts (a name Schulz disliked from the start), and offered it as a filler. Only seven papers carried its debut.
1953 - Friday nights were "Person to Person" nights on CBS.
1954 - "Hey There" by Rosemary Clooney topped the charts
1955 -"Alfred Hitchcock Presents" premiers
1956 - The Atomicron, the first atomic clock in the U.S., was unveiled at the Overseas Press Club in New York City. The basis of the timing was the constant frequency of the oscillations of the caesium atom - 9,192,631,830 MHz. It was priced at $50,000. The Atomicron measured 84" high, 22" wide and 18" deep.
1959 - A tornado struck the town of Ivy, VA (located near Charlottesville). Eleven persons were killed, including ten from one family. (The Weather Channel)
1959 - Rod Serling's "Twilight Zone" premieres on CBS
1961 - "Ben Casey" premieres
1963 - Sandy Koufax gets 15 Ks in World Series opener
1963 - Martin Luther King's famous "I Have A Dream" speech was registered
1965 - "Hang on Sloopy" by the McCoys topped the charts
1966 - 2 perfect game pitchers face each other (Bunning vs Koufax)
1966 - Soviets report that Russian military personnel have come under fire. The Soviet Defense Ministry newspaper, Krasnaya Zuezda, reports that Russian military experts have come under fire during U.S. raids against North Vietnamese missile sites while the Soviets were training North Vietnamese soldiers in the use of Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles.
This was extremely significant because it was the first public acknowledgment that Soviets had trained North Vietnamese missile crews and were observing them in action. U.S. officials had long maintained that the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China were providing military aid--including training advisers, weapons, and equipment--that permitted the North Vietnamese to continue the war. Until this pooint, both the Soviets and Chinese had denied they had personnel in North Vietnam.
The North Vietnamese fired over 10,000 SA-2 SAMs (surface-to-air missiles) at U.S. aircraft from 1965 to 1972, and each of those missiles was supplied by the Soviet Union. This was also true for the T-54 medium tanks, 130-mm field guns, and other sophisticated weapons and equipment the North Vietnamese used to launch their 1972 and 1975 offensives. The only time that this steady source of weapons and equipment from the Soviets was significantly impeded was during 1972, when President Richard Nixon ordered the stepping up of air raids against Hanoi and the mining of Haiphong harbor, through which most of the weapons and heavy equipment normally came.
1967 - Aerial offensive against North Vietnam continues. The increased U.S. aerial offensive against North Vietnam that had started August 11 continues. According to U.S. State and Defense officials, the offensive had slowed the flow of war supplies from Communist China to Hanoi. Intelligence overflights revealed that the bombing of bridges had halted the movement of military material on the key rail line from Dong Dang, near the Chinese border, to Hanoi. However, U.S. officials conceded that Communist military equipment was reaching Hanoi by other means.
In Congress, dissention continued over the bombing issue. Senator John Sherman Cooper (R-New York) urged the United States to take the "first step" toward negotiations with an "unconditional cessation" of the bombing of North Vietnam. Senator Gale McGee (D-Wyoming) defended the Vietnam policies of the Johnson administration saying the "stake is not only Vietnam but all the nations in Southeast Asia."
1967 - Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Marshall's appointment to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1961 was opposed by some Southern senators and was not confirmed until 1962. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to the Supreme Court two years later; he was the first black to sit on the high court, where he consistently supported the position taken by those challenging discrimination based on race or sex, opposed the death penalty, and supported the rights of criminal defendants.
1968 - Bob Gibson sets a world series record of 17 strikeouts breaking Sandy Koufax’s record for the most strikeouts in a Series game. Though the Cards ended up losing the Series in seven games, Gibson pitched three and struck out an unprecedented 35 batters.
Gibson was recovering from an injury--the year before, a Roberto Clemente line drive had smashed his ankle--but he still managed to win 22 games in 1968, with one 15-game winning streak that included 10 of his 13 shutouts. He started 34 games and finished 28 (an incredible 304 2/3 innings of play) and in one remarkable 96-inning stretch he allowed just two runs. His earned-run average was 1.12, the fourth-lowest ever.
Gibson was the National League’s MVP in 1968, but his weren’t the year’s only extraordinary accomplishments on the mound. Tigers pitcher Denny McLain (who lost twice to Gibson in the ’68 Series) won 31 games. Dodger Don Drysdale threw six shutouts in a row--a record 58 2/3 scoreless innings. The Cards and the Giants threw back-to-back no-hitters, one against the other, and the Astros beat the Mets by scoring just one run after an exhausting 24 innings.
People called it the Year of the Pitcher, and it didn’t happen by accident. The home-run-heavy early 1960s had inspired baseball commissioner Ford Frick to try to prevent batters from batting quite so well, for fear that the game would become too lopsided for fans to enjoy. Frick raised the pitchers’ mound from 10 inches to 15, and he implemented a bigger strike zone. As a result, batting averages tumbled. Only six players hit over .300 in 1968, and Carl Yastrzemski’s .301 was the lowest average ever to win a league batting title.
Pitchers were happy, but almost no one else was. Commissioner William Eckert was fired at the end of the season for not doing more to help hitters. The next year, new commissioner Bowie Kuhn reintroduced the 10-inch pitchers’ mound and the smaller strike zone, and Rod Carew won the AL title with a .332 average. Since then, the designated hitter; the shrinking strike zone; smaller ballparks; weight training and steroids; and livelier baseballs have all boosted batting averages and made it harder to pitch as successfully as Gibson and his peers.
But Gibson took the changes in stride. He struck out 10 Pirates and walked three in his only no-hitter in August 1971. Three years later, he pitched his 3,000th strikeout--only the second in MLB history to do so--to Cesar Geronimo of the Cincinnati Reds. (He’d throw 3,117 in all.) He was a first-ballot selection to the Hall of Fame in 1981, and fans voted him to the All-Century Team in 1999. His statue stands outside Busch Stadium in St. Louis.
1968 - California's Redwood National Park was established
1970 - A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporters crashes in Colorado killing 31 people.
1970 - A two-day convention opened at which the Baptist Convention of Pennsylvania-South Jersey was formed. It was comprised of 9,000 charter members from 52 Southern Baptist churches
1971 - "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart topped the charts
1980 - The temperature at Blue Canyon, CA, soared to 88 degrees, an October record for that location. (The Weather Channel)
1981 - Severe thunderstorms raked Phoenix, AZ, with heavy rain, high winds, and hail up to an inch and a half in diameter, for the second day in a row. Thunderstorms on the 1st deluged Phoenix with .68 inch of rain in five minutes, equalling their all-time record. (The Weather Channel)
1983 Carl Yastrzemski's last at bat
1984 - Grace Ministries International was incorporated in Grand Rapids, MI. Originating as Bethesda Mission in 1951, GMI engages in church planting in nearly a dozen overseas countries.
1987 - A fast moving cold front produced snow flurries from Minnesota to the Appalachian Mountains, and gale force winds behind the front ushered cold air into the Great Lakes Region. Valentine NE reported a record low of 25 degrees. Temperatures recovered rapidly in the Northern High Plains Region, reaching the lower 80s by afternoon. Jackson, WY, warmed from a morning low of 21 degrees to an afternoon high of 76 degrees. (The National Weather Summary)
1988 - Early morning thunderstorms in Georgia produced three inches of rain at Canton and Woodstock. (The National Weather Summary)
1989 - Flooding due to thunderstorm rains in the southeastern U.S. on the last day of September and the first day of October caused the Etowah River to rise seven feet above flood stage at Canton GA. Thunderstorms produced up to ten inches of rain in northeastern Georgia, with six inches reported at Athens GA in 24 hours. One man was killed, and another man was injured, when sucked by floodwaters into drainage lines. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data)
1996 - The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
2001 - NATO backs US military strikes following 9/11.
2002 - The Beltway sniper attacks begin, extending over three weeks.
2005 - Ethan Allen Boating Accident: The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George in Upstate New York, killing twenty people.
2006 - Gunman kills five students at Amish school Charles Roberts enters the West Nickel Mines Amish School in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania, where he fatally shoots five female students and wounds five more before turning his gun on himself and committing suicide.
Charles Carl Roberts IV, a 32-year-old milk truck driver from a nearby town, entered the one-room schoolhouse at around 10:30 a.m. armed with an arsenal of weapons, ammunition, tools and other items including toilet paper that indicated he planned for the possibility of a long standoff. He forced the 15 boys and several women with infants inside the school to leave and made the 11 girls present line up against the blackboard. Police were contacted about the hostage situation at approximately 10:30 a.m. When they arrived at the schoolhouse a short time later, Roberts had barricaded the school doors with boards he had brought with him and tied up his hostages. Roberts spoke briefly with his wife by cell phone and said he was upset with God over the death of his baby daughter in 1997. He also told her he had molested two girls 20 years earlier and was having fantasies about molesting children again. At approximately 11 a.m., Roberts spoke with a 911 dispatcher and said if the police didn’t leave he’d start shooting. Seconds after, he shot five of the students. When authorities stormed the schoolhouse, Roberts shot himself in the head.
Roberts, a father of three, had no criminal history or record of mental illness. Additionally, his family knew nothing about his claims that he had molested two young female relatives. The Amish community, known for their religious devotion, as well as wearing traditional clothing and shunning certain modern conveniences, consoled Roberts’ wife in the wake of the tragedy; some members even attended his funeral. Ten days after the shootings, the Amish tore down the schoolhouse and eventually built a new one nearby.
Births
1737 - Francis Hopkinson, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
1755 Christian Writer Hannah Adams. Hannah Adams was comparing Broughton's Dictionary of Religions with facts she knew about the Christian denominations described in it. Broughton's account simply was not honest. She could write a more accurate account than that, she thought.
That is how Hannah came to write her Alphabetical Compend of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present Day. Although a member of the Congregational Church, she attempted to be accurate and unbiased toward other branches of Christianity. Her book did well, but the publisher took almost all of the profit from the first edition.
This was unfortunate for Hannah, who badly needed the money since she was frail and had no other way to support herself except by making lace. Her father had gone bankrupt when she was just seventeen, and from then on she had to fend for herself. However, she was better paid for the second edition. Altogether the book went through four editions and was even reprinted in England.
Hannah loved to read and study. Born in Medfield, Massachusetts on this day, October 2, 1755, she was a weak child. Her father, who was known as "Book Adams" kept her home from school. This was not a tragic loss, however, as he boarded theology students at his house and they taught Hannah geography, Greek, Latin and logic. She had a tremendous memory and such a far-away look that people said she was not of this world.
Perhaps she wasn't. "I remember that my first idea of the happiness of Heaven was a place where we should find our thirst for knowledge fully gratified," she admitted. It is told that the librarian locked her in when he went to lunch, because it was useless to try to pry her loose from a book once she got her nose in it.
Hannah added a few books to the library shelves herself. She was the first American woman to reach a level where she could make her living entirely by writing. Among the books she wrote were Truth and Excellence of the Christian Religion, a History of the Jews, Letters on the Gospels and a Summary History of New England.
She became temporarily blind while writing this last book. It was to cause her a good deal of controversy, too. She prepared a shorter edition for use in schools, but her "friend," school master Rev. Jedidiah Morse, beat her out with his own edition. She sued him for infringement of her rights; he defended himself. The battle dragged on for ten years and seems never to have been satisfactorily resolved, but contemporaries felt Morse was in the wrong.
Several prominent men banded together to provide Hannah with an annuity that eased the remaining years of her life. She died in 1831 and was the first person buried in the Mount Auburn cemetery, Boston. Her works were not particularly original, but were useful because they brought together a good deal of scattered information and were compiled with skill.
She left behind an autobiography which was published in Boston the year after she died.
www.christianity.com/ChurchHistory/11630262/
1800 - Nat Turner, American leader of slave uprising (d. 1831)
1833 - Rev. William Corby, American Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Corby is perhaps best known for his giving general absolution to the Irish Brigade on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, which was dramatized in the film Gettysburg. Fr. Corby also served twice as President of the University of Notre Dame. The school's Corby Hall is named for him, and a statue of him similar to that at Gettysburg stands outside this building on the Notre Dame campus. (d. 1897)
1846 - Eliza Maria Mosher (d 1928). American physician and educator whose wide-ranging medical career included an educational focus on physical fitness and health maintenance. Upon receiving her M.D. degree (1875), she began private practice in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. In 1877 she was made resident physician at the Massachusetts State Reformatory Prison for Women at Sherborn, Mass. Subsequently, she became superintendent of the institution, though an injury to her knee forced her to return to private practice and university positions. In private research she investigated medical aspects of posture. She designed the seats in several types of rapid-transit streetcars, and invented an orthopedically sound kindergarten chair and was a founder of the American Posture League.
1871 - Cordell Hull, 47th United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
1871 - Martha Brookes Brown Hutcheson, American landscape architect, lecturer, and author, active in New England, New York, and New Jersey.
1879 - Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
1885 - Ruth Bryan Rohde US, (Rep), minister to Denmark
1886 - Robert Julius Trumpler (d 1956).Swiss-born U.S. astronomer who moved to the US in 1915 and worked at the Lick Observatory. In 1922, by observing a solar eclipse, he was able to confirm Einstein's theory of relativity. He made extensive studies of galactic star clusters, and demonstrated (1930) the presence throughout the galactic plane of a tenuous haze of interstellar material that absorbs light generally that dims and reddens the light from of distant clusters. The presence of this obscuring haze revealed how the size of spiral galaxies had been over-estimated. Whereas Harlow Shapley, in 1918, determined the distance to the centre of the Milky Way to be 50,000 light-years away, Trumpler's work reduced this to 30,000 light-years
1890 - Julius "Groucho" Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)
1893 - Leroy Shield, American film score and radio composer (Our Gang, Laurel and Hardy) (d. 1962)
1895 - Bud Abbott, American comedian and actor (d. 1974)
1901 - Charles Stark Draper (d 1987). American aeronautical engineer, educator, and science administrator who earned degrees from Stanford, Harvard, and MIT then, in 1939, became head of MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory, which was a centre for the design of navigational and guidance systems for ships, airplanes, and missiles from World War II through the Cold War. He developed gyroscope systems that stabilized and balanced gunsights and bombsights and which were later expanded to an inertial guidance system for launching long-range missiles at supersonic jet targets. He was "the father of inertial navigation." The Project Apollo contract for guiding man and spacecraft to the moon was also placed with the Instrumentation Lab.
1906 - Willy Ley (d 1969). German-American engineer who was a founder of the German Rocket Society. The society was the first group of men (with the sole exception of Robert Goddard) to experiment with rockets. Ley introduced Wernher von Braun to the society. Ley was consultant for the science fiction film Frau im Mond in which the countdown from ten to zero was introduced. Fiercely anti-Nazi, unlike Von Braun, in 1934, he emigrated to the U.S. rather than pursuing military applications of rocketry. In the U.S., he became a popularizer of space exploration and travel, writing many popular books.
1911 - Jack Finney, American sci-fi author (d. 1995)
1914 - Jack Parsons, American rocket scientist, author, and occultist (d. 1952)
1918 - Don Hustad, organist for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. He accompanied Graham as organist for his worldwide crusades during 1961-67.
1921 - Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006)
1932 - Maury Wills, American baseball player
1933 - Phill Niblock, American composer, filmmaker and videographer
1937 - Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., American attorney (d. 2005)
1938 - Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor
1943 - Franklin Rosemont (d 2009) was a celebrated poet, artist, historian, street speaker, and co-founder of the Chicago Surrealist Group.[1] Over four decades, Franklin produced a body of work, of declarations, manifestos, poetry, collage, hidden histories, and other interventions intended to inspire a new generation of revolution, and became perhaps "the most productive scholar of labor and the left in the United States."
1945 - Don McLean, American songwriter
1948 - Chris LeDoux, American musician and rodeo performer (d. 2005)
1949 - Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
Deaths
1782 - Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732)
1803 - Samuel Adams, American revolutionary leader (b. 1722)
1846 - Benjamin Waterhouse (b 1754) American physician and scientist who pioneered smallpox vaccination and fostered an aggressive campaign to inoculate Americans against smallpox. He studied the researches of English physician Edward Jenner and followed with his own experiments. On 8 Jul 1800, Waterhouse introduced Jenner's method of vaccination into America by inoculating his five-year-old son, Daniel Oliver, and a household servant with vaccine obtained from England. Vaccinations of three more Waterhouse children and another servant soon followed. Whereas Dr. Zabdiel Boylston and others had previously used inoculation in the U.S., Waterhouse was the American physician who established it as a general practice
1940 - Freelan O. Stanley (b 1849) American inventor, who with his twin brother Francis, were the most famous manufacturers of steam-driven automobiles. Francis previously had invented a photographic dry-plate process (1883), and as the Stanley Dry Plate Company the brothers had engaged in the manufacturing of the plates. They sold the company to Eastman Kodak in 1905, as their interest had turned to steam-powered automobiles. They began working on steam powered cars in 1897, and built thousands of them them until the 1920's as the Stanley Motor Company. At racing events, they often competed successfully against gasoline powered cars (1902-09). They set a world record in 1906 for fastest mile in 28.2 seconds (127 mph or 205 kph).
1966 - Richard Edwin Shope (b 1901) American animal pathologist and virologist who was first to isolate an influenza virus, first to vaccinate animals against influenza, and first to identify (1928) the causative agent as a virus in the 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic. The laboratory and field studies he made of viruses in animals provided knowledge in protecting both animals and humans against viruses. He researched cancerous tumors in animals. In studying the role of mosquitoes as carriers of sleeping sickness disease, he caught the potentially fatal disease himself from them. Fortunately, he recovered completely (one of the few who did so without permanent brain damage). His co-worker, Dr. Delphine Clark, recovered "live virus" from his blood, the first to be taken from a live human.
1981 - Harry Lewis Golden born Herschel Goldhirsch (May 6, 1902–October 2, 1981) was an American Jewish writer and newspaper publisher. (For Two Cents Plain, Only in America)
1995 - Rock Hudson, 59, actor, becomes the first major U.S. celebrity to die of complications from AIDS. Hudson's death raised public awareness of the epidemic, which until that time had been ignored by many in the mainstream as a "gay plague."
Hudson, born Leroy Harold Scherer Jr., on November 17, 1925, in Winnetka, Illinois, was a Hollywood heartthrob whose career in movies and TV spanned nearly three decades. With leading-man good looks, Hudson starred in numerous dramas and romantic comedies in the 1950s and 60s, including Magnificent Obsession, Giant and Pillow Talk. In the 1970s, he found success on the small screen with such series as McMillan and Wife. To protect his macho image, Hudson's off-screen life as a gay man was kept secret from the public.
In 1984, while working on the TV show Dynasty, Hudson was diagnosed with AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he publicly acknowledged he had the disease at a hospital in Paris, where he had gone to seek treatment. The news that Hudson, an international icon, had AIDS focused worldwide attention on the disease and helped change public perceptions of it.
The first cases of AIDS were reported in 1981 and the earliest victims were gay men who often faced public hostility and discrimination. As scientists and health care officials called for funding to combat the disease, they were largely ignored by President Ronald Reagan and his administration. Rock Hudson was a friend of Reagan's and his death was said to have changed the president's view of the disease. However, Reagan was criticized for not addressing the issue of AIDS in a major public speech until 1987; by that time, more than 20,000 Americans had already died of the disease and it had spread to over 100 countries. By 2006, the AIDS virus had killed 25 million people worldwide and infected 40 million others.
1998 - Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907)
2003 - John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)
2005 - Nipsey Russell, American comedian (b. 1918)
2006 - Helen Chenoweth-Hage, American politician (b. 1938)
Christian Feast Day
Feast of the Guardian Angels
Leodegar
October 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Hieromartyr Cyprian, virgin-martyr Justina, and Theoctistus of Nicomedia (268-304)
Blessed Andrew, Fool-for-Christ, at Constantinople (936)
Repose of Blessed Great Princess Anna of Kashin (1338)
Blessed Cyprian of Suzdal, Fool-for-Christ and Wonderworker (1622)
Saint Cassian of Uglich, monk (1504)
Martyrs David and Constantine, princes of Argveti, Georgia (730)
Martyr George of Philadelphia in Asia Minor, from Mount Athos (1749)
Saint Damaris of Athens (1st century)
Saint Theophilus the Confessor
Great-martyr Theodore Gavra of Atran in Chaldea (1180)
Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet (1817)
Other commemorations
Repose of Hiero-schemamonk Theodosius of Karoulia at Mount Athos (1937)
New Martyr Monk-Soldier Roman (1971-1994) (Martyred in Bosnia on October 2, 1994)
www.scopesys.com/cgi-bin/today2.cgi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2
www.history.com/this-day-in-history/operation-typhoon-is-launched
www.amug.org/~jpaul/oct02.html
www.weatherforyou.com/cgi-bin/weather_history/today2S.pl
daysuntil.com/Election-Day/index.html
www.todayinsci.com/10/10_02.htm
www.daysuntil.com/Election-Day/index.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)